Chapter 10: Revolution and Enlightenment

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Background to the Revolution: Middle Ages, scientist relied on a few ancient authorities like Aristotle but there are several reasons why philosophers abandoned old views and developed new ones: 1)Renaissance humanist discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato that had disagreed with Aristotle 2)invention of new instruments like the telescope and microscope 3)printing press spread ideas 4)the study of mathematics

A.Revolution in Astronomy: The Ptolemaic System: A geocentric model of the universe; earth was fixed and motionless; beyond the spheres was Heaven, where God and saved souls resided

Nicholas Copernicus wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In the book he introduced the heliocentric model of the universe, where planets revolved around the sun, moons revolved around planets, and apparent movement of the sun was caused by the earth spinning

Johannes Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion. Kepler’s First Law: orbits of planets was elliptical not circular; sun off-center

–Galileo: first to use a telescope: discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving Jupiter, and sunspots. Wrote The Starry Messenger; said planets were composed of material substance rather than just orbs of light; widely read made Europeans aware of the works of Copernicus and Kepler as well. Galileo was put on trial for heresy because his writings threatened church teachings that the heavens were fixed and unchanging and that seemed to contradict the Bible

–Isaac Newton : explained motion in the universe and tied together the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo wrote Principles of Natural Philosophy; in the book Newton defined the laws of motion; crucial to his whole argument was the universal law of gravitation; this law states that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry:

Anatomy was based on the work of Andreas Vesalius; wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body; in the book, he discussed what he found dissecting human bodies; presented an accurate description of the organs and structure of the body

William Harvey wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood; showed that the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body; also proved same blood flowed in both veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body.

–Chemistry: Robert Boyle worked on the properties of gases; Boyle’s Law: the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it Antoine Lavoisier: invented system of naming chemical elements – regarded as founder of modern chemistry.

Women and the Origins of Modern Science: –Margaret Cavendish: wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy; in the book she was critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were masters of nature –Maria Winkelmann: discovered a comet; was refused a teaching position because of her sex

Descartes and Reason: –Rene Descarte’s wrote Discourse on Method; in the book he emphasized the importance of the mind and reason; mind and matter were completely separate; famous quote: “I think, therefore I am”; Descartes has been called the father of modern rationalism: the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

The Scientific Method: a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence; developed by Francis Bacon; Bacon believed scientist should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature – proceed from the particular to the general

Section 10.2: The Enlightenment “The Thinker”

Path to the Enlightenment: ________________ saw the success scientist had using ______________ to discover _________________ (Scientific Revolution) therefore __________________ were confident they could use ______________ to discover __________________and influence society (___________________________)

_________________ wrote _______________________________; in the book he argues that everyone is born with a ________________ (tabula rasa = blank tablet) and people are molded by their __________________; if people were exposed to the right _________________, then people could be changed and a new society created.

Tabula Rasa ? ? ? ? ? ?

Philosophes and Their Ideas __________________________: wrote __________________________: in this book Montesquieu tries to use the ____________________ to find __________________ that govern the __________ and _____________ relationships of human beings While studying England’s monarch, he found it to _________________ of government: the ____________, the ___________, and the __________.The government functioned through __________________ each ___________ and ___________ the _____________; this system provided the greatest security for the state

_____________: Wrote____________________; in the book he promoted_____________ toleration Theory: the universe is a ___________ and ________is the___________________ also wrote against__________________,__________, and the _____________ of the_____________ and his writings offended the ________________and_______________; he was imprisoned and exiled for his writings; his books were censored and burned therefore Voltaire becomes an ardent defender of the freedom of speech

_____________: wrote the Encyclopedia; a 28 volume collection of knowledge he edited; its purpose was to “_______________________” articles supported_______________, and called for___________________________ _________________________________.

Toward a New Social Science –Economics: The __________________: group who was interested in _______________________________ that governed___________________; argued that if individuals were __________________to pursue their own___________________, all society would benefit ___________________________: Let people do what they ________; no ______________ by government

______________________wrote________ ____________________. He believed in ____________________ and he argued the __________________had only three roles: 1. ___________________from invasion 2. ___________________from injustice 3. ________________________projects

______________________ wrote essay______________________; in the book he argues _________________ should not be_______________________; also opposed________________________

The Later Enlightenment : –_________________________: Wrote______________________________________; in the book he argues that _____________________ and _______________________________and in the process become _______________ to the government Wrote_________________________; he argues an__________________________________________ ___________; self-interest must be given up for what is best for the entire community wrote __________a novel that argues that an _____________should ____________________________

Social World of the Enlightenment: –The ______________________: more books were published and _________________________________; _____________________________________ began to be published in the early 1700s –The ___________________: drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s; invited _______________and took part in _________________about the ideas of the ________________________; these gatherings helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Religion in the Enlightenment: –______________________– new religious movement started by________________; stressed the importance of ____________ and encouraged behaviors that led to____________________________

Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment