© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 1 The TØI Study “Taxi Regulation in Europe” Marc Billiet Head Passenger Transport IRU

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 2 Countries & Cities  Austria  Belgium  Finland  France  Germany  Hungary  Ireland  The Netherlands  Norway  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Great Britain  Vienna  Brussels  Helsinki  Paris  Berlin  Budapest  Dublin  Amsterdam  Oslo  Madrid  Stockholm  Geneva  London

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 3 ContentsContents Four Major Parts of the Study:  Country Descriptions  Literature Survey  Comparative analysis & Scenarios  Conclusions

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 4 Contents of the Country Descriptions  Figures  Description of the regulatory regime  Organisation of the sector  Role of Dispatching Centres  Preview of regulatory changes  Glossary

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 5 Contents of the Literature Survey  Reasons behind regulation and deregulation  Advantages and disadvantages of regulation and deregulation  Experience with regulatory changes in US, NZ and Europe

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 6 Comparative analysis: rules  Access to the profession  Access to the market  Quantitative restrictions versus quality rules  The three quality criteria on access to the profession Good Repute Good Repute Financial Standing Financial Standing Professional Competence Professional Competence

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 7 Comparative analysis: rules  Operator versus owner-driver  Requirements for drivers  Quality rules  Fare regulations

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 8 Four Scenarios  The Slippery Road = strict regulation of market access + few quality rules on access to the profession  The Street of Opportunity = strict regulation of market access + strict quality rules on access to the profession  Cul-de-Sac = deregulation + no quality rules on access to the profession  Quality Freeway = deregulation + strict quality rules on access to the profession

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2004 Page 9 Main Conclusions  Strict quality standards on access to the profession are required in any market regime, regulated or deregulated.  In a regulated system they will improve service quality.  In a deregulated system they will improve service quality and limit the negative impact of deregulation.  They should be introduced BEFORE market access is liberalised.