Chapter 10 Energy In a Cell Cellular Energy Chapter 10

I. ATP All living things need energy In a cell, energy is released when chemical reactions break chemical bonds

ATP is adenosine triphosphate- a chemical compound that living organisms use to store and release energy 1. It is made when organisims break down glucose and starch.

ATP has 3 major parts: A. Adenine B. Ribose C. Phosphate

General Structure

b. ATP stores energy when the third phsophate is added I. With only two phosphates the molecule is called ADP, or adenosine diphosphate

ADP molecule Adenine Phosphate Ribose

ii. ADP is like a re-chargeable battery

Fully Partially Charged Charged Battery Battery Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Fully Charged Battery Partially Charged Battery

ii. Because ATP only stores energy for a short period of time the cell has more ADP than ATP iii. Cells use the energy from carbohydrates to add phosphates to ADP to create more ATP when needed

Energy from ATP Provides energy for metabolic processes active transport moving organisms into the cell Cell growth and repair Movement, digestion etc.

5. ATP moves two potassium and three sodium ions across the sodium-potassium pump in different direction

ADP + P + Energy ---> ATP ATP --> ADP + P + Energy

Copy and complete: List the three parts of an ATP molecule. Adenine, ribose sugar, and phosphate Compare and contrast ATP and ADP. ATP has one extra phosphate How is energy released from ATP? From the bond on the third phosphate List three transactions in a cell that require ATP. Active transport, cell growth, movement What sugar does ADP contain? ribose Where is the energy stored in ATP? From the bond on the third phosphate What happens to ATP after the energy has been released? It forms ADP-like an uncharged battery

Photosynthesis

I. All organisms need energy. a. The sun is the main source of energy for all living things

b. All living things live by releasing energy found in the chemical bonds of compounds such as glucose

Living things can be: 1. Autotrophs- organism, like plant, that use the sun’s energy to make energy containing compounds such as sugar and carbohydrates

2. Heterotrophs- organisms, like animals, that get energy from the sun indirectly by consuming food that have energy stored in them

CO2 + H2O + Light -> O2 + C6H12O6 II. Photosynthesis- process in which autotrophs use the energy in the sun to change water and carbon dioxide (CO2) into simple sugar and oxygen The equation for photosynthesis is: CO2 + H2O + Light -> O2 + C6H12O6

There are two main parts of photosynthesis a. Light Dependent Reactions i. This stage requires light. ii. Electrons in the chlorophyll absorb the light energy. -Chlorophyll are structures in the chloroplasts that reflect green and yellow light and absorbs all others iii. Energy from electrons is used to convert ADP to ATP.

Light Energy Sugars + O2 CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Absorption of Light Energy by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

iv. Water molecules are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons v. Hydrogen ions attach to carrier molecules to be used in later steps of photosynthesis (The carrier molecule NADP becomes NADPH)

Photosynthesis Overview CO2 ATP NADPH H2O Light ADP NADP Chloroplast Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Sugars Oxygen

b. Light Independent Reaction/The Calvin Cycle i. The second part of photosynthesis ii.This stage does NOT require light iii. Enzymes combine carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with the hydrogen ions (from the light reactions) to form simple sugars

iv. This stage uses the ATP from the light reactions and stores it in the chemical bonds of glucose v. Excess simple sugars are stored as complex carbohydrates---cellulose and starch vi. Plants break down the sugars from photosynthesis for growth and development

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week3/06camc4plants.html

Affects on the rate Photosynthesis Intensity of light Amount of water Temperature (0-35oC)

Copy and Complete What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen Where does the energy come from to convert ADP to ATP? electrons What three factors influence the rate of photosynthesis? Amount of light , water and temperature