Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1, Section 1: Everything is Connected

Ecology Ecology - The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment. Environment consists of all things that affect the organism.

Two Parts of the Environment 1. Biotic - All of the LIVING organisms in an environment. 2. Abiotic- All NONLIVING parts in an environment. Ex: Water, soil, light, temperature, rocks, etc.

Levels within Environment Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

1. Organism Any living thing Example: Cow

2. Population Group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area Ex: Cow in a field

3. Community All of the populations of species that live in the same habitat & interact with one another. Ex. Cows, grass, birds, ants, bacteria, etc. in a field

4. Ecosystem A community of organisms and their abiotic environment. Ex. Cows, grass, bees, ants, nutrients, air, soil, precipitation, temperature, in a field

5. Biosphere Part of Earth where life exists. Extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air.

Recap Questions What is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment? Ecology What are all the living organisms in an environment called? Biotic What are all the nonliving parts in an environment called? Abiotic

Recap Questions Name the 5 levels of the environment from smallest to largest. Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere What is a community of organisms and their abiotic environment? Ecosystem What are all of the populations of species that live in the same habitat & interact with one another? Community

Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1, Section 2: Living Things Need Energy

Energy Organisms obtain energy in a variety of ways. There are 3 groups individuals based upon the way they accumulate energy:

1. ) Producers Producers - are organisms that make their own food using sunlight in a process is called photosynthesis. Examples: plants, algae, bacteria

2.) Consumers Consumers - Organisms that eat other organisms.

Four Types of Consumers: A.) Herbivores- only eat plants Examples: Rabbit , Guinea pig, Sheep

Four Types of Consumers: B.) Carnivores- only eat animals. Examples: Coyote, Cheetah, Tiger

Four Types of Consumers: C.) Omnivores- eat both plants and animals Examples: Humans Skunks Pigs

Four Types of Consumers: D.) Scavengers- eat dead plants and animals Examples: Vulture Crab

Pd 1 starts here

3.) Decomposers Decomposers – organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms. Examples: - Bacteria - Fungi Also known as:“Nature’s Recyclers”!!

Food Chain Food Chain - diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another.

Pd 2, 9 starts here

Organisms usually favor a of food, which is why a simple food chain is usually rare.

Food Web Food web -shows all of the different possibilities of energy flow between different organisms. Diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

Pd 8 starts here

The green arrows show how energy moves when one organism eats another The green arrows show how energy moves when one organism eats another. Most consumers eat a variety of foods and can be eaten by a variety of other consumers.

DO NOW – Match the term with the definition. Organisms that eat only meat Another word for heterotrophs All of the populations that live in the same habitat & interact with one another A community of organisms and their abiotic environment Organisms that eat only producers E Herbivores Consumers Carnivores Community Ecosystem B A C D

Pd 7 starts here

Energy Pyramid Energy pyramid shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy. The most amount of energy is found at the bottom of an energy pyramid.

Energy Pyramid As you travel up the pyramid there is less energy left from the original source. Less energy is available at higher levels because only energy stored in the tissues of an organism can be transferred to next level.

Energy Pyramids

The pyramid represents energy The pyramid represents energy. As you can see, more energy is available at the base of the pyramid than at its top.

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers Recap Questions What are the 3 main groups that obtain energy? Producers, Consumers, Decomposers What are organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms? Decomposers What are organisms that make their own food using sunlight during photosynthesis? Producers

Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Scavenger Recap Questions What are organisms that eat other organisms? Consumers What are the 4 types of consumers? Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Scavenger What is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another? ] Food Chain What shows all of the different possibilities of energy flow between different organisms? Food Web

Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1, Section 3: Types of Interactions

Habitat An organism’s habitat is the area in which it lives. Example: A frog lives in a pond

Niche The organism’s way of life, is called their niche. This includes their habitat, food, and the abiotic factors that affect them such as temperature and weather.

Interactions with the Environment Populations affect every other population Most living things produce more offspring than will survive (ex: frog eggs) Biotic and abiotic factors affect survival rate and controls the size of the population

Interactions with the Environment Populations cannot grow without resources. There is a limited amount of resources such as food, water, living space. Limiting Factors - a resource that is so necessary that it limits the size of the population. Any resource can be a limiting factor!

Limiting Factors

Pd 1 starts here

Carrying Capacity The largest population that an environment can support at any given time. When a population grows larger than carrying capacity, limiting factors cause individuals to leave or die off. **The population will eventually return to a size that the environment can support**

pd 2 starts here

Interactions between Organisms Four main ways that species and individuals affect each other: Competition Predators and prey Symbiotic Relationships Co-evolution

1.) Competition When 2 or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource. Resources have a limited supply, therefore the use by one decreases the availability for others. Happens within populations or between populations

2.) Predators and Prey Prey – is an organism that is eaten Have methods & abilities to keep from being eaten Run Travel in groups Camouflage or Coloration Poisonous Predator – is an organism that eats the prey They have methods to catch their prey Speed Ambush Coloration

Camouflage Camouflage - blending in with the background

Defensive Chemicals Skunks Bees Wasps Frogs

Warning Colors Warning coloration - colors that associate with pain or illnesses. Bright red, yellow, orange, black and white

3.) Symbiosis Relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other. Can benefit from, be unaffected by or harmed by the relationship. 3 Groups: Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

++ Mutualism Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Examples: Bacteria in your intestines Coral and algae

Commensalism Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. + 0 Example: Sharks and remoras (remoras “hitch a ride” and feed on scraps left by sharks and sharks are unaffected)

Parasitism Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is harmed. (+ -) Parasite = organism that benefits Host = organism that is harmed Parasite gets nourishment from host while host is weakened or sometimes killed. Example: Ticks, tapeworms, tomato hornworm, etc

4.) Coevolution The evolution of two species that is due to mutual influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more beneficial to both species. Relationships between organisms change over time and interactions can change the organism Takes place between any organisms that live close together, but happens over long periods of time

Coevolution & Flowers Pollination is necessary for reproduction of plants Pollinator- Organism that carries pollen from one flower to another. Example: Bees, bats, hummingbirds, etc Flowers have changed to attract pollinators Example: Color, odor or nectar

Recap Questions What is a resource that is so necessary that it limits the size of the population? Limiting Factor What is the largest population that an environment can support at any given time? Carrying Capacity What type of interaction is it when an organism gets eaten by another organism? Predator and Prey

Recap Questions What type of interaction is it when 2 or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource? Competition Skunks, bees, frogs fend off their predators by what? Defensive Chemicals What type of interaction is it when two different organisms live in close association with each other? Symbiosis