Welcome: Basic Energy Sciences Program Workshop on Frontiers in Tribology at the Atomic Scale March 11, 2004 Weinberg Auditorium Linda Horton ORNL BES Materials and Engineering Physics Program Director

Five Investment Drivers Challenge: Maintain balance among these five hungry beasts, each demanding immediate care and feeding.  Science that addresses the DOE mission  Science that advances our understanding of the natural world  Enabling tools – the scientific user facilities and other unique instruments for the Nation  Stewardship of DOE-owned research institutions  Workforce development and the Nation’s universities The mission of the Basic Energy Sciences program is to foster and support fundamental research to expand the scientific foundations for new and improved energy technologies and for understanding and mitigating the environmental impacts of energy use. As part of its mission, BES plans, constructs, and operates major scientific user facilities to serve the Nation’s researchers.

The Energy Problem  Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now:  The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S. in politically unstable regions of the world.  The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming.  All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production.  Strategies must be developed that involve increased use of non-carbon based energy sources and more conscientious use of carbon based fuels. Workshop: October 21-25, 2002 Report: March 2003 The report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities.

BES Center for Synthesis and Processing Research is part of the Integration of BES with DOE’s Energy Mission Objective –To enhance the science and engineering of materials synthesis and processing in order to meet the programmatic needs of the Department of Energy and to facilitate the technological exploitation of materials. Selection Criteria –Scientific excellence –Clear relationship to energy-related technologies –Involvement of several laboratories –Existing or potential partnerships with DOE Technologies-funded programs –Existing or potential in-kind partnerships with industry

CSP provides glue funds for multi-laboratory activities already supported by BES Current Center Projects Isolated and Collective Phenomena in Nanocomposite Magnets Controlled Defect Structures in Rare-Earth Ba-Cu-O Cuprate Superconductors Smart Structures Based on Electroactive Polymers Nanoscale Phenomena in Perovskite Thin Films Granular Flow and Kinetics Synthesis and Processing of Carbon-based Nanostructured Materials Experimental and Computational Lubrication at the Nanoscale Spin-Polarized Transport in Complex Oxide

7 Excellent Science The BES millennial poster

 The ultrasmall: Science at the nanoscale  The ultrafast: Science at femtosecond and shorter timescales  Theory, modeling, and simulation: Harnessing the Power of Advanced Computing for condensed matter and materials physics, chemistry, and biosciences  Complexity: Science of systems that exhibit emergent properties not anticipated from an understanding of the components – i.e., systems that challenge the notion that the whole is the sum of the parts Near-term Fundamental Science Directions

DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Things Natural Things Manmade Fly ash ~  m Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm Head of a pin 1-2 mm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Human hair ~  m wide Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5  m Ant ~ 5 mm Dust mite 200  m ATP synthase ~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter The Challenge Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage. Microworl d 0.1 nm 1 nanometer (nm) 0.01  m 10 nm 0.1  m 100 nm 1 micrometer (  m) 0.01 mm 10  m 0.1 mm 100  m 1 millimeter (mm) 1 cm 10 mm m m m m m m m m m Visible Nanoworl d 1,000 nanometers = Infrared Ultraviolet Microwave Soft x-ray 1,000,000 nanometers = Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outer ring spacing ~35 nm Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version , pmd The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices  m wide Red blood cells Pollen grain Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm

Solvation in supercritical water Combustion turbulence modeling Turbulent flame Waveguide optics Clay-mineral geochemistry Dissociation of ketene Crystal structure for C 36 solid Complex fluids Two spheres mixing in a stream Binary alloy solidification Office of Basic Energy Sciences Harnessing the Power of Advanced Computing for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Chemistry, and Biosciences Electric field in a 2D photonic crystal waveguide Cs ion transport Gold nanowire Nanoparticles binding in solution Magnetic moments in materials Na counterion mobility in DNA Uranyl in aqueous solution Vortices in a superfluidSemiconductor-liquid interfaceC-H bond activation reaction Atomic hydrogen ionization 10

4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources Linac Coherent Light Source (PED) 4 High-Flux Neutron Sources (SNS under construction) 4 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers (PED and construction) 2 Special Purpose Centers Advanced Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab National Synchrotron Light Source Advanced Photon Source National Center for Electron Microscopy Shared Research Equipment Program Center for Microanalysis of Materials Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research High-Flux Isotope Reactor Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Combustion Research Facility Pulse Radiolysis Facility Materials Preparation Center Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Spallation Neutron Source Linac Coherent Light Source Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Molecular Foundry Center for Nanoscale Materials BES Scientific User Facilities Center for Functional Nanomaterials