Continued Plant Anatomy Chapter 4, pages STEMS

Cornell Notes Format Review KEY IDEAS or VOCABULARY____NOTES or DEFINITIONS___ SUMMARY/REFLECTION: Include a CLAIM (or strong statement) and support it with EVIDENCE and REASONING from your notes

Key Objectives What are the functions of a stem? What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? What are some of the structures inside of a stem? What are some different kinds of specialized stems?

What are the functions of a stem? Stems have many important jobs in a plant. Stems are responsible for the size and shape of a plant. Some stems are made of wood, some are herbaceous.

What are the functions of a stem? Stems support the leaves. They hold the leaves in the most efficient position to collect sunlight. This allows the plant to produce as much food as possible.

What are the functions of a stem? Stems move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant. They store food which has been made by the plant.

What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? When you first look at stems, they all seem to look similar. After some close observation, you will see that it is easier to identify many plants using their stems than it is using their leaves.

What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? Terminal Bud - the bud at the end of the stem Apical Meristem - the growing point at the tip of the stem; contained inside of the bud at the end of the stem - responsible for growth in length of the plant (See page 77, Figure 4-17)

What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? Node - part of the stem that the leaf is attached to Internode - the area between the leaves Lateral Bud - a side bud, located just above where the leaf is attached

What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? Bud Scales - small protective structures on the outside of both terminal and lateral buds Bud Scale Scar - a ring of scars left behind when the bud scales fall off each spring. Leaf Scar - a small scar just below the lateral bud that forms when a leaf falls off of the stem

What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem? Lenticels - small spots on the stem that allow a stem to exchange gases with its environment

What are some of the structures inside of a stem? Stem tissues are used to transport materials through the plants. Monocots - small bundles scattered throughout the stem Dicots - arranged in rings or a ring of bundles

What are some of the structures inside of a stem? Xylem - tissue that conducts the water and minerals throughout the plant. - made of tube-like cells which grow together to conduct liquids - tends to be found closer to the center of the stem

What are some of the structures inside of a stem? Phloem - tissue that conducts food that is produced to the rest of the plant - also form tubes - found generally toward the outside of the stem

What are some of the structures inside of a stem? Cambium - tissue that is responsible for the production of new xylem and new phloem -responsible for growth in girth of the stem - generally found between the xylem and the phloem

What are some different kinds of specialized stems? Bulb - a very short flattened stem which has several fleshy leaves attached to it - tend to be found beneath the soil - example: an onion

What are some different kinds of specialized stems? Corm - a spherical structure, similar to a bulb. - the entire structure is composed of stem, as opposed to stem and leaves - example: a gladiolus

What are some different kinds of specialized stems? Rhizome - a thick underground stem which lies horizontally -example: Hostas Stolon - a horizontal stem which lies above the ground -sometimes called “runners” -example: strawberries

What are some different kinds of specialized stems? Tuber - a rhizome with a tip that is swollen with stored food - example: potatoes

Exit Slip Questions: 1. Name three functions of stems a. b. c. 2. What is the area on a stem which lies between two leaves or buds? 3. Which type of stem runs horizontally underneath the soil?

HOMEWORK 1. Write a SUMMARY for your Cornell notes from today’s presentation - be sure to include a CLAIM, and support it with EVIDENCE and REASONING 2. READ pages in your textbooks - only the section on ROOTS - be familiar with some of the terms in this part of the chapter (*hint* They may be included on Friday’s quiz!)