Age of Jefferson Unit IIIA AP United States History

Thomas Jefferson ( )  Plantation farmer from Virginia  Statesman (Assemblyman, Declaration of Independence, Governor, Minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice-President, President)  Democratic-Republican  Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists  Kentucky Resolution  “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”  “Renaissance Man”  Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist  Slave owner

What is Jeffersonianism?  Republicanism and Civic Virtue  Citizens’ civic duty to aid the state  Voting and efficacy  Right to education  Resist corruption and Natural Elites  Federalism and States’ Rights  Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification  Strict constitutionalist  Dominant legislature, weak judiciary  Economic coercion over standing armies  Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens  Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue  Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry  Responsibility of subsistence  Dependence led to class conflict  Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy  America’s responsibility to spread democracy  Avoid entangling alliances  Society  Republican motherhood; absent from politics  Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages)  Black inferiority and white superiority  Separation of Church and State

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?  Consider the following historical concepts and events and answer the above question…  The Federal Judiciary  Louisiana Purchase  Barbary/Tripoli Pirates  Embargo Act of 1807

First Party System ( )  American period of political parties between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans  Federalists:  Nationalism; republicanism  loose interpretation of Constitution;  business, commercial, and upper class;  New England;  pro-British;  dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of Judiciary  Democratic-Republicans:  States’ rights; individual liberties  strict interpretation of Constitution;  working class;  South, West, frontier;  large majorities in Congress and Executive in latter years

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary  Only Federalist justices on the Supreme Court  John Marshall as Chief Justice  Judiciary Act of 1801  Federalist Congress passed before Jefferson assumed office  Reduced number of SC justices  Increased number of federal courts; filled by Adams  Midnight Judges  Repealed in 1802 by D-R Congress  Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Writ of mandamus  Judicial review - Supreme Court’s determining constitutionality of issues  “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”  Democratic-Republicans lead impeachments against Federalist judges  Alcoholism and partisanship grounds for impeachment?  John Pickering  SC Justice Samuel Chase

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase ( )  Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan and Britain’s Control of the Atlantic  America sandwiched between European powers  Brokered a deal for $15 million  Gain control of New Orleans  Lewis and Clark Expedition  Find waterway from east to Pacific  Federalist opposition

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates  Barbary/Tripoli pirates earned revenue for North African states  Extorting and harassing American ships  U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Barbary/Tripoli threat  Treaty signed in 1805 in favor of Americans  War cost less than preserving peace

Jefferson and the Embargo Act  Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed American trade  British impressment of Americans and seizures of American ships  HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake  Embargo Act of 1807  Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports  Economic impact on Americans  Merchants and traders suffered  Farms foreclosed  Increased production and diversified manufacturing

Election of 1808

Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’s  James Madison (D-R) elected President, but Federalists gain some seats  Anglo-French rivalry bullies USA  Seizing American ships  Nonintercourse Act of 1809  Forbade trade with Britain and France unless promised to cease harassing U.S. ships  Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)  If Britain or France repealed restrictions on neutral ships then U.S. would cease trade with the other  British influence in the West  Rumors of British stirring up anti- American sentiment among Natives  Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Leading Up to the War of 1812  United States vs. Great Britain  British impressment  “Our old enemy.”  British influence in the frontier  War hawks  John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay  Opposition  Federalists  Old guard Dem-Reps  New England and merchants

War of 1812  Failed American invasion of Canada  British Invasion of D.C. and Baltimore  Washington, D.C. burned (August 1814)  Ft. McHenry (September 1814)  Naval Victories and U.S.S. Constitution  Americans and the Natives  Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison  Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)  Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)  Stalemate; nothing earned  Patriotic victory  Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)  Andrew Jackson

Nature FTW

“Old Ironsides” 42 Wins 0 Losses - Constructed in Still in commission

The End of the Federalists  “Victory” over Great Britain and pro- British/anti-war support labeled them as unpatriotic  Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)  Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep in West and South  Talk of secession by radicals*  After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would dissolve even in New England stronghold

War of 1812’s Impact  International respect  Development of U.S.-Canada relations  Natives on their own and weak  Industrial development  Growth of nationalism  Eyes toward the West