Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid empire weakened, 9th century – 1258AD, peasant revolts, civil war, Shiites remained unreconciled (purges), succession not secure, imperial extravagance, tax burden increases, agriculture suffers, Seljuk Turks (1055), Mongol Incursions The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak The Declining Position of Women = Seclusion, veil, polygamy The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, Western European Christian knights small kingdoms established, Saladin retakes lands last in 1291 (Kingdom of Heaven – Movie Night on January 16th 2:45pm) Flowering of Islamic Learning (Golden Age) = Urban growth where merchants thrive, Persian becomes the court language for administration and Persian literature thrives (ex. Thousand and One Nights), Arabic still used for religion, law & sciences, achievements in math (algebra) & sciences (chemistry and medicine), Mohammad al-Razi’s medical encyclopedia, built on Greek work The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central areas of both India and Africa Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism (many Buddhist convert) Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries The Coming of Islam to South Asia Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First Muslims came as traders which leads to peaceful conversion, 8th century attacks lead to invasion (Delhi Sultanate) Muhammad ibn Qasim, Indians treated as dhimmi B. Indian also Influences Islamic Civilization Math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab D. Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables; conversion to escape taxes, Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman EIGHT!!! AFRICA!!! *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities Political forms vary Different religions A. Stateless Societies Kinship fundamental B. Common Elements in African Societies Bantu migration one language base Animism cosmology ethical code C. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa Part of Mediterranean Arrival of Islam Spain, by 711 Berber assist conversion in Western Sahara (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai)

Empires of the Western Sudan D. The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Copts Egyptian Christians welcome Muslims b/c more fair than Byzantium spread to Nubia (Kush) Ethiopia heirs to Axum A. Sudanic States Rulers sacred Islam from 900s supports state B. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”= gold trade Mansa Musa (Timbuktu) and his famous pilgrimage to Mecca (Salt and Gold) brings back Ishal al-Sahili beaten clay architecture Empires of the Western Sudan