Stars and Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ qÁ|| gÀWÀÄ J. ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀPÁðj PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ªÀÄAqÀå-571401

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Stars and Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ qÁ|| gÀWÀÄ J. ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀPÁðj PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ªÀÄAqÀå

1. ºÀUÀ®Ä gÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉÃUÉ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ? 2.««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉÃUÉ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ? 3.£ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉãÀÄ? PÉ®ªÀÅ ¥Àæ±ÉßUÀ¼ÀÄ 2

Our Family : Solar System

ºÀUÀ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ gÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ 4 ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄÄ vÀ£Àß CPÀëzÀ ¸ÀÄvÀÛ ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀÅzÀjAzÀ ºÀUÀ®Ä gÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð£À ¸ÀÄvÀÛ ¥Àj¨sÀæªÀÄuÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ 5 Earth’s axis of rotation is inclined to its orbital plane by 23.5°, which causes the seasons. ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð£À UÀÄgÀÄvÁéPÀµÀðuÉ §®ªÀÅ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ JgÀqÀÆ jÃwAiÀÄ ¥Àj¨sÀæªÀÄuÉUÉ PÁgÀtªÁVzÉ.

6 They are not related to Earth’s distance from the sun. In fact, Earth is slightly closer to the sun in (northern-hemisphere) winter than in summer. Light from the sun Steep incidence → Summer Shallow incidence → Winter The Seasons are only caused by a varying angle of incidence of the sun’s rays. ««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ

7 GvÀÛgÁAi ÀÄt zÀQëuÁAi ÀÄt

8 1.DPÁ±À AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀjAzÀ ªÀiÁqÀ®ànÖzÉ? DPÁ±ÀPÁAiÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ  MAzÀÄ ªÉÄïÁÒªÀt  vÀ¯É ªÉÄðgÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ UÀĪÀÄäl  ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀgÉ¢gÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ UÉÆüÀ  C£ÀAvÀ UÉÆüÀ

9

10  £ÀPÀëvÀæUÀ¼À F avÀæzÀ°è AiÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß / K£À£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¸ÀÄ«j?

The Celestial Sphere ( R UÉÆà ¼À ) 11 Geographic latitude l (northern hemisphere), you see the celestial north pole l degrees above the horizon. If l = 90 ⁰, then north pole will coincide the zenith. l

12 India is in the northern hemisphere Mysore Latitude ° N Longitude ° E

The Celestial north pole 13 The Celestial South Pole is not visible from the northern hemisphere. Celestial North Pole Horizon NorthSouth Horizon Mysore: l ≈ º N

14 The Circling Sky  Earth rotates from west to east.  The celestial sphere appears to rotate east to west. Apparent path of a particular star In the Northern Hemisphere, stars near the North Celestial Pole are always above the horizon. Therefore, they are visible all time and they are called Circumpolar Stars

15 Different sets of constellations are visible in northern and southern skies. The Altitude of the celestial pole (Polaris) = your latitude

Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ 16 In ancient times, constellations only referred to the brightest stars that appeared to form groups, representing mythological figures.

Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ 17 Today, constellations are well-defined regions on the sky, irrespective of the presence or absence of bright stars in those regions. A constellation is any one of the 88 areas into which the sky is divided

18 How can we identify constellations in the night sky? The use of a star chart can help us! A STAR CHART is a map of the stars in the night sky.

19 Big Dipper Big dipper is a constellation which is a part of Ursa Major, the Great Bear. This is visible in the Northern Hemisphere all year long. Pointer Stars

The Dome of the Sky MANDYA Latitude 12.52° N Longitude 76.9 ° E

Angular size of moon ~ ½ o Angular distance between the “pointer stars” ~ 5 o To Polaris

22 Ursa Minor

Arundhathi= Vasishta Saptarishi Mandala Kratu Brighu Modern names 1.Atri 2.Bharadvaja 3.Gautama 4.Jamadagni 5.Kashyapa 6.Vashista 7.Vishvamitra

Counter-Clockwise Rotation Clockwise Rotation Northern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere The Altitude of the celestial pole (Polaris) = your latitude

Apparent Motion of The Celestial Sphere 26

27

28 Betelgeuse,Rigel, Orion Not a circumpolar constellation, but a seasonal constellation Betelgeuse, the right arm of Orion, glows with a dull red. Rigel, in the opposite corner of the constellation, is blue and much brighter. DjzÀ æ ªÀÄÈ UÀ²g À gÁd£ Àå ªÀĺÁªÁå zsÀ

29 Views of Orion from Tasmania (Australia) and Iran (Asia) Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere Orion from India

30 Ecliptic Constellations & Zodiac Signs  A band of 12 constellations around the sky entered on the ecliptic (apparent path of the sun on the earth as the earth revolves around it). Born under the sign of…

AriesLibra TaurusScorpio GeminiSagittarius CancerCapricorn LeoAquarius VirgoPisces gÁ² (ªÀiÁ¸À) Aries ªÉÄõÀ (ZÉÊvÀæ) Libra vÀįÁ (D±ÀéAiÀÄÄd) Taurus ªÀȵÀ¨sÀ (ªÉʱÁR) Scorpio ªÀȲÑPÁ (PÁwÃðPÀ) Gemini «ÄxÀÄ£À (eÉõÀ×) Sagittarius zsÀ£ÀÄ (ªÀiÁUÀð²gÀ) Cancer PÀPÀðl (DµÁqsÀ) Capricorn ªÀÄPÀgÀ (¥ÀĵÀå) Leo ¹AºÀ (±ÁæªÀt) Aquarius PÀÄA¨sÀ (ªÀiÁWÀ) Virgo PÀ£Àå (¨sÁzÀæ¥ÀzÀ ) Pisces «ÄãÀ (¥Á®ÄÎt) Ecliptic Constellations & Zodiac Signs

32 Hindu Calendar Rashi

33 Ecliptic Constellations

34

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55 1. What is changing at the same (annual) timescale that we are observing the changing zodiac? Earth’s revolving. 2. Do the constellations appear to change positions in the night sky as Earth travels around our Sun throughout the year? YES 3.Are the constellations themselves moving? NO 4.What causes this apparent change in positions? As Earth orbits the Sun, our perspective changes 5. Do all stars appear in different positions at different times of the year? All except Polaris 6. Why is Polaris the only star that appears “fixed”? Earth’s axis points to Polaris Constellations

Milky way Galaxy. We are Nothing?...!

57

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