AP World History September 30, 2015

Warm Up – September 30, 2015 With regard to the doctrines of Islam in the period c. 600CE-1450CE: The concept of monotheism was unknown to the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula Their teachings of equality made them more popular among the general population of Africa than African rulers They were embraced by members of the lower Hindu castes in India because of their emphasis on equality They found widespread acceptance among Buddhists of both Central Asia and Southeast Asia They were transmitted more frequently through missionary endeavor than through commercial contacts or conquest

Agenda Rise of Islam/First Empires Chapter 6 Guided Reading Test Corrections – Monday in class Reminders: Chapter 6 guided reading due Friday, October 2nd HW – Finish the PPT & Chapter 6 Guided Reading

The Ka’aba in Mecca

The Religion: the Koran (Qu’ran) The Koran (Qu’ran): contains much of Mohammed ‘s recounting of Allah’s teachings Written down by his followers after his death from notes and memories, on “stones and parchments” some “Old” and “New” Testament stories Parables and fables The Hadith is a separate text composed of Mohammed’s sayings

Five Pillars of Islam Faith: uniqueness of God ‘There is no god, but Allah….’ Prayer: five times a day facing Mecca Fasting: observe the month of Ramadan Alms-Giving: tithing for the poor The Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca If possible, once in your life

Changing Status of Women Qu’ran improves status of women Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Men and women equal before Allah Could own property Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil and seclusion adopted later on from Middle Eastern traditions

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity This is the basis for the idea of an “Islamic republic”

Early Problems Succession ? Mohammed had no surviving male children Daughter: Fatima Son-in-law: Ali, child of his uncle Generated a permanent split in the Islamic community Sunnis: believed caliph (leader) should be someone who is “rightly guided” or follows the example set by Mohammed Shi’as: Believed Caliph should be a descendant of Mohammed

Rahisdun Caliphate (Rightly Guided) 632-661CE

The Islamic Empire The Rashidun Caliphate or Rashidun Empire, was the first of the four Arab caliphates. It was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad, known as the "Rightly Guided" caliphs. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.

The Four Caliphs - 632–634 Abu Bakr - 634–644 Umar - 644–656 Uthman

Spread of Islam

Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

Umayyads Ali assassinated in 661 A.D. beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty by the Kharijites beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty Introduced Arabic as language of Gov’t Sunni Damascus became capital and then later Cordoba

Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Emphasized Arabic ethnicity over Islam adherence Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims

Umayyad Empire Decline Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority Eventually displaced by the Abbasids an Arab family claiming decent from Mohammed

Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem

Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258

Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid Dynasty Seizes control of Eastern Meditteranean, Persia and Mesopotamia Baghdad becomes capital Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them One surviving Umayyad prince flees to Spain and establishes caliphate there

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Grants equal status to Islamic converts Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Golden Age of Islamic culture: Astrolabe (navigation) Calligraphy House of Wisdom (library and research) Math and science developments Increased trade Produced great Literature (Arabian Nights)

Abbasid Decline Empire size made it difficult to govern Civil wars Provincial governors and local leaders (sultans) assert regional independence Dissenting sects Ended in 13th century when Mongol invaders executed the caliph.

Islam spreads to India While conquerors brought Islam to the Indus River, Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal regions in both northern and southern India. These long lasting business ties and the intermarriage of many Muslim men made the introduction of Islam more gradual. Islam also spread to India with the migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking peoples from Central Asia.

Islam spreads to India Lower caste Hindus found Islam appealing because of equality. but many others didn’t like monotheism concept. The Mahmud Turks demolished Hindu and Buddhist sites and hastened the decline of Buddhism in India. They frequently built mosques on the sites of destroyed temples. Islam continued to spread to SE Asia through trade.