Human Reproduction ♀ ♂

Reproduction BINGO Free Space and…. Cervix Clitoris Estrogen Progesterone Fertilization Menstruation Menstrual Cycle Ova Ovaries Vagina Fallopian Tubes Ovulation Urethra Uterus Endometrium Cowper’s Gland Ejaculation Epididymis Penis Prostate gland Scrotum Semen Seminal Vesicles Sperm Testicles Testosterone Vas Deferens

Both sexes have reproductive organs called GENITALS or GENITALIA designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception. Both sexes have reproductive organs called GENITALS or GENITALIA designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception.

Female Reproductive System Female reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction, urination pregnancy and childbirth.

Front View Front View

Internal Female Anatomy—

9. Ovary (Ovaries) Two solid egg-shaped structures Two solid egg-shaped structures They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. Ovaries have two main functions: #1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. Ovaries have two main functions: #1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. #2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

8. Ova The female reproductive cell. The female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About ova mature and are released over a lifetime About ova mature and are released over a lifetime

4. Estrogen Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION.

12. Progesterone Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum

11. Ovulation When the egg is released from the ovary. When the egg is released from the ovary. At the age of puberty At the age of puberty The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization This happens every 28 days This happens every 28 days It happens at about the 14 th day of the cycle It happens at about the 14 th day of the cycle

10. FALLOPIAN TUBES (oviducts) Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct.

14. Uterus A hollow, muscular organ ( shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist). A hollow, muscular organ ( shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist). The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.) The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.) The uterus has one main function—to protect and nourish a fetus The uterus has one main function—to protect and nourish a fetus The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover.

1. Cervix The neck or opening of the uterus. The neck or opening of the uterus. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. How big does it need to dilate to for birth? How big does it need to dilate to for birth?

15. Vagina Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during arousal. It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during arousal. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier. The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier.

13. Urethra The opening to the bladder The opening to the bladder

2. Clitoris A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. The clitoris increases sexual pleasure The clitoris increases sexual pleasure

3. ENDOMETRIUM The lining of the uterus. During menstruation, it is what sloughs off. During pregnancy it thickens and provide the place of implantation for the fertilized ova.

6. Menstrual Cycle and 7. Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 1-5 – Bleeding Continues Day 1-5 – Bleeding Continues Day Ovum is maturing and endometrium lining is thin Day Ovum is maturing and endometrium lining is thin Day 10 – 14 - Endometrium lining thickens and hormones rise. Day 10 – 14 - Endometrium lining thickens and hormones rise. – Around Day 14 – Ovum bursts out of the ovary Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done Day – Egg travels down to thickened lining and either is implanted or it dissolves Day – Egg travels down to thickened lining and either is implanted or it dissolves – Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, hormone levels drop and the endometrium lining breaks down – Day 28 – Menstruation prepares to begin again.

FEMALE TIME LINE: Ages 9-12 Ages 9-12 – Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages Ages – Menstrual cycle begins Late 20-30's Late 20-30's – Peak sexual urges Ages Ages – Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues)

5. FERTILIZATION / Conception The end purpose for the ova and the sperm When the sperm penetrates the surface of the ova and enters inside. The 23 chromosomes from each sex cell combine and begin to multiply to begin to form a new human being!!!

Male Reproductive System Male reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction and urination Male reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction and urination Male vs. Female?

Male Anatomy

MALE TIME LINE: Infancy – Erections begin Ages – Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages – Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty) Late teens – Peak sexual urges for boys Throughout life – If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father children

6. Scrotum A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production. A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production.

10. Testicles or Testes The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-than-body temperature for normal growth and development. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-than-body temperature for normal growth and development. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month.

11. Testosterone The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate.

9. Sperm The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days. It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine.

3. Epididymis The structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. The structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity.

1. Cowpers Gland Two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. Two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.

12. Vas Deferens two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens.

8. Seminal Vesicles two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move. two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move.

5. Prostate Gland surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible.

13. Urethra A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body.

4. Penis The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood. When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood.

7. SEMEN: a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra. a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra.

2. EJACULATION the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions. the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions.

Cleft Lip

Cleft Palate

Club Foot

Down’s Syndrome

Muscular Dystrophy

PKU

Neural Tube Defects Spina Bifida

Neural Tube Defects Encephaloceles

Drug Related Birth Defects Thalidomide

STD Related Birth Defects Low Birth Weight Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)

Birth Defect An abnormality of structure, function, or body metabolism which often results in a physical or mental handicap, a shorter life span, or is fatal About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects. The parents of one out of every 28 babies receive the frightening news that their baby has a birth defect There are over 4,000 known birth defects Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life What causes birth defects? Both genetic and environmental factors can cause birth defect. However, the causes of about 60% of birth defects are currently unknown. A single abnormal gene can cause birth defects. Every human being has about 100,000 genes that determine traits like eye color, hair, etc.

Lifestyle and Environment MOM Lifestyle – STD’s substance abuse, alcohol, habits Age # of kids – spacing from prior pregnancy health / exercise / attitude – weight – Stress level Nutrition / Diet – caffeine – Folic Acid Medical History – immunizations and records Missing pregnancy check-ups (13 total) Radiation Toxins and pollution Genetics DAD Nutrition / Diet – Caffeine Lifestyle – STD’s substance abuse, alcohol, habits Health / exercise / attitude – weight – Stress level medical history Radiation genetics

Can birth defects be prevented? While the causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk of having a baby with a birth defect. – Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up. Especially if a woman has health problems – When pregnant take daily multivitamin containing 400 mg of the B- vitamin folic Acid – Avoid alcohol, drugs, smoking, prescription or over-the-counter medication with out checking with her health care provider. Genetic counseling is a form of medical care that helps couples to understand their genetic codes and how they might affect their children.

Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth? Ultrasound – A technique that uses sound waves to show a picture of a baby (fetus) in the womb. Amniocentesis – A small sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus is removed and examined to detect certain birth defects ( Rh disease, and strength of the lungs of the fetus) Chronic villus sampling – A prenatal test that takes a tiny tissue sample from outside the sac where the fetus develops. Placenta Conditions

Results Miscarriage – occurs prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy – Most miscarriages occur when pregnancy is not developing normally. Natures way of expelling a baby incapable of surviving. – 1 st trimester- chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, hormonal problems, infections, and health problems of the mother. – 2 nd trimester – often caused by uterus problems. Misshaped uterus, weakened cervix that dilates prematurely, chromosomal abnormalities, immune system problems, Stillbirth – after 20 weeks of pregnancy – When the fetus appears to be developmentally normal, but for some reason is born dead. – Most common causes: Placenta problems, Birth defects, Growth restrictions, Infections Baby will live and you will enjoy and adjust

Newborn Screening Tests Before leaving the hospital certain newborn tests are giving to eliminate certain birth defects Neonatal Death In 1996 about 19,000 babies died in the first month of life Most common causes The baby was born with a birth defect – 25% of neonatal deaths Heart defects – 1/3 Chromosomal abnormalities Brain and central nervous system Premature birth – 20% of neonatal deaths Respiratory distress syndrome – immature lungs Bleeding in the brain