1 The Impact of Information Technology  The Role of Systems Analysis and Design –Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design Step-by-step process for developing high- quality information systemsinformation systems –Systems AnalystSystems Analyst Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

2 The Impact of Information Technology  Who develops Information Systems? –In-house applicationsIn-house applications –Software packagesSoftware packages –Internet-based application services –Outsourcing –Custom solutions –Enterprise-wide software strategies –How versus What

3 Figure 1-5 Information System Components  A system is a set of related components that produces specific resultssystem  A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operationsMission-critical system  Data consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material Data Figure 1-6

4 Figure 1-7 Information System Components  Information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users Information  Information systems have five key components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people Figure 1-8

5  Hardware Hardware –Is the physical layer of the information system –Moore’s LawMoore’s Law Information System Components Figure 1-9 For more information about Moore’s Law visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Moore’s Law link. scsite.com/sad7e/more

6 Information System Components  Software Software –System softwareSystem software –Application softwareApplication software –Enterprise applicationsEnterprise applications –Horizontal systemHorizontal system –Vertical systemVertical system –Legacy systemsLegacy systems

7 Information System Components  Data –Is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information –Tables –Linking Figure 1-10

8 Information System Components  Processes Processes –Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results  People –Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information system, both inside and outside the companyUsersend users

9 Understanding The Business  Business Process Modeling Business Process Modeling  Business Profile Business Profile  Business Models –Business modelBusiness model –Business processBusiness process –Business process reengineering (BPR)Business process reengineering (BPR) Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12

10 Understanding The Business  New Kinds of Companies –Production-orientedProduction-oriented –Service-orientedService-oriented –Internet-dependentInternet-dependent –Dot-com (.com)Dot-com (.com) –Brick-and-mortarBrick-and-mortar Figure 1-13

11 Impact of the Internet  E-Commerce or I-Commerce E-CommerceI-Commerce  B2C (Business-to-Consumer) B2C (Business-to-Consumer)  B2B (Business-to-Business) B2B (Business-to-Business) –EDIEDI –Extensible markup language (XML)Extensible markup language (XML) –Supplier relationship management (SRM)Supplier relationship management (SRM) Figure 1-14 For more information about E-commerce visit scsite.com/sad7e/morescsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Electronic commerce link. For more information about XML visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Extensible Markup Language link.. scsite.com/sad7e/more

12 Impact of the Internet  Web-Based System Development –WebSphereWebSphere –.NET.NET –Web servicesWeb services Figure 1-15

13 How Business Uses Information Systems  In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served –Office systems –Operational systems –Decision support systems –Executive information systems

14 How Business Uses Information Systems  Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users –Enterprise computing systems –Transaction processing systems –Business support systems –Knowledge management systems –User productivity systems

15 How Business Uses Information Systems  Enterprise computing systems Enterprise computing –Support company-wide operations and data management requirements –Enterprise resource planning (ERP)Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Figure 1-16 For more information about Enterprise Resource Planning visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Enterprise Resourcescsite.com/sad7e/more Planning link.

16 How Business Uses Information Systems  Transaction processing systems Transaction processing systems –Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related commands as a group rather than individually Figure 1-17

17 How Business Uses Information Systems  Business support systems Business support systems –Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company –Management information systems (MIS)Management information systems (MIS) –Radio frequency identification (RFID)Radio frequency identification (RFID) –What-ifWhat-if Figure 1-18

18 How Business Uses Information Systems  Knowledge management systems Knowledge management systems –Called expert systemsexpert systems –Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rulesknowledge base inference rules –Many use fuzzy logicfuzzy logic Figure 1-29 For more information about Knowledge Management systems visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Knowledge Management scsite.com/sad7e/more systems link.

19 How Business Uses Information Systems  User productivity systems User productivity systems –Technology that improves productivity –GroupwareGroupware  Information systems integration –Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features

20 Information System Users and Their Needs  A systems analyst must understand the company’s organizational model in order to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom. Figure 1-20

21 Information System Users and Their Needs  Top managers –Strategic plansStrategic plans  Middle Managers and Knowledge WorkersKnowledge Workers  Supervisors and Team Leaders  Operational Employees –EmpowermentEmpowerment

22 Systems Development Tools and Techniques  Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer- aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems.  Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment

23 Systems Development Tools and Techniques  Modeling Modeling –Business modelBusiness model –Requirements modelRequirements model –Data modelData model –Object modelObject model –Network modelNetwork model –Process modelProcess model

24 Systems Development Tools and Techniques  Prototyping –PrototypePrototype –Speeds up the development process significantly –Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood –Can be an extremely valuable tool

25 Systems Development Tools and Techniques  Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) –Also called computer-aided software engineeringcomputer-aided software engineering –CASE toolsCASE tools Figure 1-21 Figure 1-22 For more information about CASE tools visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the CASE tools link. scsite.com/sad7e/more

26 Systems Development Methods  The most popular alternatives are structured analysis, which is a traditional method that still is widely used, and object-oriented analysis (O- O), which is a newer approach that many analysts prefer structured analysisobject-oriented analysis (O- O)  The important thing is for a systems analyst to understand the various methods and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach

27 Systems Development Methods  Structured Analysis Structured Analysis –Systems development life cycle (SDLC)Systems development life cycle (SDLC) –Predictive approachPredictive –Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically –Process-centered techniqueProcess-centered Figure 1-23

28 Systems Development Methods  Object-oriented Analysis Object-oriented Analysis –O-O analysis combines data & processes into objectsobjects –Object is a member of a classclass –Objects possess propertiesproperties –Methods change an object’s propertiesMethods –A message requests specific behavior or information from another objectmessage Figure 1-24

29 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  In addition to selecting a development method, system developers also must create a plan or model for the many tasks that will be required  Typically, the development team will use project management tools to help achieve the end result Figure 1-25

30 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Comparison of Predictive and Adaptive ModelsPredictiveAdaptive –The SDLC usually is referred to as the waterfall model waterfall model –Interactive modelInteractive model –Adaptive or iterative approachesiterative –Spiral modelSpiral model Figure 1-26 Figure 1-27 Figure 1-28

31 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  The SDLC Waterfall Model –Deliverable or end productDeliverableend product –Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC, because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases –This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly –However, adjacent phases usually interact

32 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  The SDLC Waterfall Model –Usually includes five steps Systems planning Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems operation, support, and security

33 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Systems planning –Systems planning phaseSystems planning phase –Systems request – begins the process & describes problems or desired changesSystems request –Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation whose key part is a feasibility study preliminary investigationfeasibility study

34 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Systems Analysis –Systems analysis phaseSystems analysis phase –First step is requirements modeling, where you investigate business processes and document what the new system must dorequirements modeling –End product is the System requirements documentSystem requirements document

35 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Systems Design –Systems design phaseSystems design phase –Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes –Avoid misunderstanding through manager and user involvement –End product is system design specificationsystem design specification

36 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Systems Implementation –Systems implementation phaseSystems implementation phase –New system is constructed –Write, test, & document programs –File conversion occurs –Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system –System evaluation performedSystem evaluation

37 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Systems Operation, Support, and Security –Systems Operation, Support, and Security phaseSystems Operation, Support, and Security phase –A well-designed system must be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalablescalable –After several years of operation, systems need extensive changes –SDLC ends with system replacement

38 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Adaptive Methods and Models –Attempt to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements –Extreme Programming (XP)Extreme Programming (XP) –Analysts should recognize that these approaches have advantages and disadvantages Figure 1-29 Figure 1-30

39 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development Methods and Models –Joint application development (JAD)Joint application development (JAD) –Rapid application development (RAD)Rapid application development (RAD)

40 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  Other Development Methods and Models –Rational Unified Process (RUP®)Rational Unified Process (RUP®) –Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) Figure 1-31 For more information about Microsoft Solutions Framework visit scsite.com/sad7e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the Microsoft Solutions Framework link.scsite.com/sad7e/more

41 Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project  The Importance of Project ManagementProject Management –Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and expenses must be managed effectively –Complex projects can involve dozens of people, hundreds of tasks, and many thousands of dollars

42 Systems Development Guidelines  Stick to a plan  Involve the users throughout the development process  Listening is very important  Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones  Remain flexible  Develop accurate cost and benefit information

43 Information Technology Department  The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems.  The IT group provides technical supporttechnical support Figure 1-33

44 Information Technology Department  Application Development Application Development –Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members  Systems Support and Security Systems Support and Security –Deployment teamDeployment team  User Support User Support –Help desk or information center (IC)Help deskinformation center (IC)

45 Information Technology Department  Database Administration Database Administration –Database design, management, security, backup, and user access  Network Administration Network Administration –Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security  Web Support Web Support –WebmastersWebmasters

46 Information Technology Department  Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Assurance (QA) –Reviews and tests all applications and systems changes to verify specifications and software quality standards –Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT management

47 The Systems Analyst Position  A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems  On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team  Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work

48 The Systems Analyst Position  Responsibilities –Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet needs  Required Skills and Background –Solid communication skills and analytic ability Figure 1-34

49 The Systems Analyst Position  Certification Certification –Professional credential  Career Opportunities –Job titles –Company organization –Company size –Corporate cultureCorporate culture –Salary, location, and future growth