LINKWITZ LAB What are the On-axis & Off-axis

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Presentation transcript:

LINKWITZ LAB What are the On-axis & Off-axis S e n s i b l e R e p r o d u c t i o n & R e c o r d i n g o f A u d i t o r y S c e n e s What are the On-axis & Off-axis Frequency Response Requirements for Stereo Loudspeakers?

A single loudspeaker in a room HEARING: Direction Distance Room Tonality lateral shift angular shift Intelligibility Gestalt Auditory Horizon

A single loudspeaker in a room HEARING: Direction Distance Room Tonality lateral shift angular shift Intelligibility Gestalt Auditory Horizon Dipole loudspeaker near a room corner

Frequency Response for a mono loudspeaker in a room On-axis: Flat Off-axis: Frequency independent at every angle acoustically small point source Room: Flat reverberation

Monaural Phantom Source from two loudspeakers HEARING: Unnatural phenomenon Direction? Lateral shift? Angular shift? Distance? Size? Tonality? Gestalt?

Monaural Phantom Source from two loudspeakers Cross-talk cancellation 30 degree HRTF Sweet spot size Off-center sound

Monaural Phantom Source from two loudspeakers Cross-talk cancellation Stereo Dipole HRTF Sweet spot size Phantom source width Off-center sound

Phantom Source from two loudspeakers Cross-talk cancellation Stereo Dipole Don B. Keele

Head-Related-Transfer-Functions Diffraction Level at eardrum relative to frontal incidence at 00 Level at a point on a rigid sphere relative to the level without the sphere Duda & Martens, 1998

Sphere-Related-Transfer-Functions Level at 22.50 & 450 incidence relative to 00 incidence (22.50) 17.5 cm diameter 450 3.3 dB Level at a point on a rigid sphere relative to the level at the center without the sphere 22.50 0 dB Inverse of empirical EQ Shaw, 1974

On-axis Frequency Response of stereo loudspeakers Rolled-off towards high frequencies

Experimental equalization networks Equalization curves arrived at by listening Circuit detail from ORION Revision 3

Off-axis Frequency Response & Room Reflections As on-axis Independent of angle except for amplitude Reflections: Symmetrical Delayed Source types: Omni Dipole Cardioid L R

Stereo setup in the room Loudspeaker-Listener triangle Symmetry to reflective surfaces Loudspeakers out in the room Lively room Diffuse end Dead end Hiding the room Hiding the loudspeakers D I F F U S E – E N D L R >1 m D E A D - E N D

Phantom Source placement horizontally by channel differences Damaske, 2008 Duplex Theory of Directional Hearing: Inter-aural Time Differences (ITD) at low frequencies Inter-aural Level Differences (ILD) at high frequencies (Ignoring HRTF changes)

Recording as creation of Art Source size Perspective Distance Timbre The Mix of microphone signals

The optimum frequency response and setup of loudspeakers in the room are essential to Phantom Source Creation and to experience Stereo at its full capability STEREO System = ILLUSION Engine

LINKWITZ LAB S e n s i b l e R e p r o d u c t i o n & R e c o r d i n g o f A u d i t o r y S c e n e s