By: Kristin Wawrzynski

CAUSE: National debt and the annual budget deficit soared* France was split into 3 Estates: Clergy- owned about 10% of land and only paid “voluntary gifts” to the government every 5 years*. Nobility- owned about 25% of land and taxed very lightly. They enjoyed many manorial rights* that allowed them to tax the peasantry Everyone else- some were educated merchants, lawyers and officials, but majority were urban artisans and unskilled day laborers (peasants and countryside agricultural workers)

1789-Estates General convene at Versailles Third Estate declared itself the “National Assembly” and swore the famous Oath of the Tennis Court?* Storming of the Bastille for weapons and gunpowder The Great Fear- fear of vagabonds and outlaws- fanned the flames of rebellion Declaration of the Rights of Man declared National Assembly confiscates church lands Royal family is arrested during an attempt to flee France France declares war on Austria Louis XVI is taken prisoner of Russian mob September Massacre (second revolution) National Convention declares France a republic and abolishes monarchy

***Rein of Terror ( )- used revolutionary terror to solidify the homefront Generally it Strengthened the belief that France foolishly replaced a weak king with a bloody dictator Was used to gain the goal for an ideal democratic republic* Directory rules

Napoleon Bonaparte ( )-realized the need to put an end to civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule November of he was named first consul of the republic Concordat of Signed by both Napoleon and Pope Pius VII Pope gained, for French Catholics, the right to practice their religion freely Napoleon gained political power* Family monarchy- re-established Free speech and press was violated

1800- Napoleon funds the Bank of France Treaty of Luneville- Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine Treaty of Aimes- with Great Britain- France remained in control of Holland, the Austria Netherlands, the West banks of the Rhines, and most of the Italian peninsula Crowns himself emperor Battle of Trafalgar, Battle of Austerlitz

1807- redrew the map of Germany; to weaken Austria and restrict trade with Britain invades Russia with 600,000 men but disastrously retreats (Treaty of Chaumont) Quadruple Alliance is formed to defeat France Napoleon abdicated and is exiled to Elba Escapes from Elba and ruled France until defeat at Battle of Waterloo

Goals: 1.Establish a new balance of power in Europe to prevent imperialism and maintain peace 2.Prevent political revolutions “maintain status quo” 3.Reconstruct the map of Europe Quadruple Alliance*: Austria. Britain, Prussia, and Russia Low Countries: Belgium and Holland were united under an enlarged Dutch monarchy to be more effective Host of delegates from smaller states

Started after Napoleon surrendered to the allied powers of Europe in Paris 1 st Treaty of Paris (signed in 1814) gave France its boundaries from 1792, and France didn’t have to pay any war reparations. Established Compensation:  Prussia: Part of Saxony, Grand Duchy of Berg, and part of the Duchy of Westphalia  Russia: Grand Duchy of Warsaw (made into a separate kingdom of Poland), Finland, and Bessarabia  Austria: Received Venetia, Lombardy, and Milan in Italy; Galicia in Poland; and Tyrol and Salzburg in Germany

 The German States: a German Confederacy was set up to replace the Old Holy Roman Empire  Etc. 1815, Napoleon landed in Southern France with an army of 1000 men in the hopes of surprising the allies and regaining control of France The representatives (still in Vienna) stopped fighting over the land boundaries and banded together to form a powerful army. Final act of the Congress of Vienna (1815): ended the meeting with a plan for Balance of power A reconstructed Europe Plan to meet periodically**

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