Napoleon’s Rise to Power aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege. aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power aEarlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:  1798  he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome! aEarlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:  1798  he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

The Creation of the Consulate aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aA new government, the Consulate, was created with Napoleon and 2 others holding the 3 positions. aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aA new government, the Consulate, was created with Napoleon and 2 others holding the 3 positions.

Napoleon as “First Consul” aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”  Held a plebiscite (yes/no vote) for each constitutional change. aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”  Held a plebiscite (yes/no vote) for each constitutional change.

The Government of the Consulate aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation. aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation.

Concordat of 1801 aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime. aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

Concordat of 1801 aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest. aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Code Napoleon, 1804 aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France.

Napoleon and His Code

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

Free Public Education aEstablished by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. aCreated government supervised public school system of uniform education standards. aEstablished by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. aCreated government supervised public school system of uniform education standards.

Legion of Honor, 1802 aSociety created for public recognition to those who had given distinguished military and civil service to France. aBased on merit, not social status. aSociety created for public recognition to those who had given distinguished military and civil service to France. aBased on merit, not social status.

Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800 aEveryone was expected to pay taxes – no exceptions aIntroduced a stable currency & balanced budget aDebts were paid off aBusinesses were encouraged. aEveryone was expected to pay taxes – no exceptions aIntroduced a stable currency & balanced budget aDebts were paid off aBusinesses were encouraged.

Defeated the Second Coalition (Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain) in 1802

Haitian Revolts & Independence, Toussaint L’Ouverture  Napoleon had hope of creating a French New World Empire, but his army was unable to regain control over the slave revolts in Haiti.  The loss of revenues from Haiti’s sugar plantations made maintenance of Louisiana impractical.  As a result of debts incurred fighting the slave revolt, Napoleon was forced to sell the American government its territories in Louisiana at a heavily discounted price.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 France sold lands west of the Mississippi for $15 million to help French economy and anger Britain

Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine, (1806 by David) December 2, 1804

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David

The Empress Josephine

Napoleon’s Throne

Napoleon’s Bed Chamber

The Imperial Image

Napoleonic Europe

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns  Britain Austria Russia Sweden (3 rd Coalition) France  1805: -Danube -Italy eUlm: France defeated Austria. eAusterlitz: France defeated Austria & Russia. eUlm: France defeated Austria. eAusterlitz: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

“Napoleon Crossing the Alps” RealisticIdealistic

Confederation of the Rhine aAbolished the Holy Roman Empire- (no more HRE) aReorganizes the German states from 300 to less than 100 aNapoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine for better control. a3 rd Coalition Defeated aAbolished the Holy Roman Empire- (no more HRE) aReorganizes the German states from 300 to less than 100 aNapoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine for better control. a3 rd Coalition Defeated

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Battle of Trafalgar (Fr. Navy defeated by Lord Nelson) England Controls Seas France’s plan of invading Britain ends  BritainFrance  1805: Sea Power

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Battle of Jena:  France defeats the Prussians,  occupies Berlin  A 4 th Coalition is formed. Berlin Decrees (“Continental System” created)  Prussia France  1806: Confed. of the Rhine

The Continental System aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF 1812.

The Continental System

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns  Russia France  1806: Poland Battle of Friedland: France defeated Russian troops- end of 4 th Coalition

Treaty of Tilsit aFrance and Russia become allies against Great Britain aRussia recognizes Napoleon as “Emperor of the West”  France takes ½ of Prussian territory.  Russia allowed to set its sights on Switzerland aFrance and Russia become allies against Great Britain aRussia recognizes Napoleon as “Emperor of the West”  France takes ½ of Prussian territory.  Russia allowed to set its sights on Switzerland

“Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres aBy 1807, Napoleon dominates Continental Europe. aBrings reforms to the conquered lands aStrips away power of the nobility and privilege system throughout Europe aBy 1807, Napoleon dominates Continental Europe. aBrings reforms to the conquered lands aStrips away power of the nobility and privilege system throughout Europe

Napoleon’s Divorce Statement (1807) Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.

Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807) With the permission of our august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.

Marie Louise (of Austria) married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna

Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: ) Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: )

Peninsular Campaign: ePortugal did not comply with the Continental System. eFrance wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. eSpain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!  Spain Portugal England France  1808: Continental System

“The Spanish Ulcer” aNapoleon tricked the Spanish Bourbon king, Charles V, to come to France, where he imprisoned him. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 French troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFrench troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. aNapoleon tricked the Spanish Bourbon king, Charles V, to come to France, where he imprisoned him. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 French troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFrench troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

“The Spanish Ulcer” aNapoleon now poured 500,00 troops into Spain over the next few years. aBut, the French generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. aThe British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon.  They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. aIn 1814, after 5 long years of savage fighting, French troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrenees Mountains out of Spain. aNapoleon now poured 500,00 troops into Spain over the next few years. aBut, the French generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. aThe British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon.  They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. aIn 1814, after 5 long years of savage fighting, French troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrenees Mountains out of Spain.

War of the Fifth Coalition eFrance victorious eOccupies the area of Bavaria  Austria England 5 th Coalition France  1809: Central Europe

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte  King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte  King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy eNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)  King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

“Napoleon in His Study” 1812 by David “Napoleon in His Study” 1812 by David

The “Big Blunder” -- Russia aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city. aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city.

Moscow Is On Fire!

Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

The 6 th Coalition  Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  : Napoléon’s Defeat

Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813) eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory. eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations” Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations”

Napoleon Abdicates! eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoleon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoleon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

Napoleon’s Abdication

Napoleon in Exile on Elba eIsland located between Corsica and Italy

Louis XVIII (r ) eLouis Stanislas Xavier was brother of Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste) eAccepted the Napoleonic Code eHonored land settlement of the revolution eLouis Stanislas Xavier was brother of Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste) eAccepted the Napoleonic Code eHonored land settlement of the revolution

“The War of the 7 th Coalition”  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days” eNapoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians. eNapoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prussian General Blücher

Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena off the coast of Africa

Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

Napoleon’s Tomb