* Means definition (pay attention)

 Habsburg Emperor: Leopold I › His empire was positioned between the French in the West and the Turks in the East Dana Holt

 His brother died of small pox in 1657, making him become the Holy Roman Emperor at the age of 17.  Deeply religious › At first, he did not play the role of monarch very well because he believed he would have a career in the church  Married 3 times › Had 16 sons and daughters  Well accomplished musician and performed for his court.  He built *Sch ӧ nbrunn

 Definition: Leopold I’s palace on the outskirts of Vienna  Was built to rival the palace of Louis XIV’s palace, Versailles  Over 400 rooms with gardens and fountains- one of the most impressive palaces in Europe

 A Turkish army marched up the Danube River and attacked Vienna › After 2 months of attacking the city, an army from Hungary defeated the Turks  These events opened the gate for the Habsburgs’ reconquest of Hungary › The occupation of the Turks in Hungary destroyed the Hungarian land  The Turks was again tried to recoquer Hungary but failed  In 1699, after the Habsburgs defeated the Turks, the Treaty of Carlowitz confirmed the Habsburgs reconquest of Hungary

 During the War of the Spanish Succession, problems occurred in the Eat when a Transylvanian prince, Francis II of Rakoczi, led a rebelion against Leopold I in Hungary.  In 1711, he was defeated by the Habsburgs › They won because there was a large non- Hungarian population now in Hungary that supported the Habsburgs.  Rakoczi went into hiding under the Muslim sultan, and died in exile.

 The Treaty of 1711(after Rakoczi attacked Leopold I)uniting Hungary to the other Habsburg lands through the common ruler. › Which increased Habsburg power

 In the Habsburg lands at the top of the social system were the Magnates* › The Magnates were fabulously rich, few in number, but dominated Habsburg administration and government.  At the bottom of the social system, were the Serfs* › They were the vast majority of people that lived in the country side, who were bound peasants to the land as a labor force.

 Charles VI was the successor of Leopold I › He became the ruler over Austrian and Spanish Habsburg land (reconstituting Charles V empire) › However, many European states feared that this succession would upset the European balance of power  So they supported the division of the Habsburg lands between the Habsburgs and Bourbons, which was written in the Treaty of Utrecht (ending the War of the Spanish Succession) › During his reign, he devoted his life to making sure his daughter succeeded him- Maria Theresa  War of Austrian Succession › When he died, war broke loose… the European rulers would not recognize Maria Theresa as the next ruler of Austrian Habsburg land › A new ruler, Frederick II, King of Prussia, fought against Maria Theresa in the war › ***the new war showed how we weak the Habsburgs had become***

 It emerged out of the chaos of the Thirty Years War, North of the Habsburgs land  Prussia was a poor country, but the rulers wanted it to become a major European power  The rulers: › consolidated the states territories › Strengthened the state administration › Raised revenue › Enlarged Prussia’s army

 Fredrick William Hohenzollern: › Known as the Great Elector › Ruler of Brandenburg and other territories from Northern Germany to the Polish Border › One of the eight German princes to elect the Holy Roman Emperor › Tow policy goals for his lands: to build up his army and to reorganize his finances to pay for it  Imposed excise tax  The von Hohenzollern’s had one third of their country’s agricultural land › He united all his lands into a single state was the most important military figure in Germany › Succeeded by his son Frederick, who adopted the title of King of Prussia

Frederick William von Hohenzollern

 A strict Calvinist (although Prussia was mainly Lutheran) who believed in the principle that he was responsible to God alone › Very violent- even beat his people, including his son, with his cane  Continued his grandfather’s two policies: › Strengthening the royal administration › Enlarging the army of Prussia

 80,000 men › Making it the fourth largest army in Europe  Commandment of troops were under Prussian nobility › This bounded the nobility to his government and created a tradition of loyal state service among his nobles  Military budget was granted with taxes and domain revenues, not with borrowing money like other states  Army was mostly occupied with people from Prussia

 Prussia had a very successful economy  Great army › Doubled the size of it › Reluctant to use it in war (which saved it for what was about to come…)  When Frederick William I died, his son, Frederick II took over Prussia › Frederick II went after Maria Theresa and started the war of Austrian Succession with Frederick William’s I army