CPS 82, Fall Open Source, Copyright, Copyleft

CPS 82, Fall Toward Open Source l (Groklaw) l Copyright law, guarantees protections  Exclusive right to copy  Exclusive right to create derivative works  Exclusive right to distribute work  Exclusive right to perform/display work l Fair use exceptions, First Amendment tension, facts and ideas vs their expression

CPS 82, Fall FOSS: Free and Open Source Software l What does free mean?  Speech and beer  Grounded in ethics, social responsibility l Open Source  Development method  Appeals to “Fortune 500” more than free l About reliability, performance, security, …

CPS 82, Fall FOSS: Personalities l Richard Stallman  rms' web page rms' web page l Accomplishments  GNU (gnu's not Unix)  Lots of tools: gcc and more  Copyleft GPL: 1989  MacArthur (1990)  Grace Hopper award  National Academy of Engineering  Free as in speech

CPS 82, Fall FOSS: Personalities (continued) l Accomplishments  Cathedral and Bazaar Open Source->Business  "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow" Attributed to Torvalds  Halloween documents  Open Source and OSI l Eric Raymond  esr's web page esr's web page

CPS 82, Fall FOSS: Personalities (continued) l Linus Torvalds  Linus' Blog Linus' Blog l Accomplishments  Linux, early '90s Unix, Minix, Linux  Open Source advocat  Still "oversees" Linux development  9/2010, US Citizen

CPS 82, Fall fsf.orgfsf.org: Four Essential Freedoms l The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). l The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish (freedom 1). l The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). l The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so the whole community benefits (freedom 3).

CPS 82, Fall l To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's code or any program derived from it but only if the distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable. Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users' freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft.”

CPS 82, Fall Open Source, 1. Free Redistribution: can’t force, can’t prevent sale 2. Source code: must be available, cheap or free 3. License to modify, redistribution with same terms 4. Integrity of author’s source (patchable, versioning) 5. No discrimination against persons or groups

CPS 82, Fall Open Source, 6. No discrimination against fields of endeavor 7. Distribution “no strings”, no further licensing 8. License not bound to whole, part redistribution ok 9. No further restrictions, e.g., cannot require open 10. Technology neutral

CPS 82, Fall Open Source licenses l Copyleft licenses compared to free licenses  Copyleft is “viral”, requires redistribution to be the same or similar  Free licenses have no downstream restrictions l GPL is the Gnu Public License  Currently v3, complex, legal license l X11 or BSD or Apache  All are free/open, but not viral, e.g., permit commercial, proprietary products

CPS 82, Fall Viral License l Connotations of “viral”  Is viral marketing ok?  Wikipedia neutrality dispute l GPL is viral GPL is viral  Threat to intellectual property l GPL is not viral GPL is not viral  It’s not even infectious, you have a choice

CPS 82, Fall Freedom, Ethics, Law l What does Stallman want?  Freedom B1 Freedom B1  Freedom B2 alternative Link Alive on 9/19/2011 Freedom B2Link Alive on 9/19/2011  Freedom RMS Freedom RMS l Firefox, YouTube, Video, Ethics Firefox, YouTube, Video, Ethics  What is H.264? What is HTML5? Theora?  Pragmatics v principles in Ogg [Vorbis|Theora]

CPS 82, Fall Copyrights and Licensing l Most software is licensed rather than sold  Why isn’t it sold? First-sale doctrine  Are EULAs valid? According to whom?  Can I back up my software? DVD/CD? l Tale of three logos  Linux Windows SQlite LinuxWindowsSQlite

CPS 82, Fall License and Royalty l  Who gets the best royalty rates?  mp3: 100 Million euros in 2005 (Wikipedia)  Patent grants license  Why do companies cross-license on patents? l Why isn’t this a copyright issue?  What is copyrightable?  What is patentable?

CPS 82, Fall EULA for software l First sale doctrine applies to atoms (books)  What about bits? Office, Lion,…  Get Office from OIT, sell it? Old version? l EULAs and Terms of Service  When do you agree to terms of service?  Lori Drew, cyberbullying, TOS? Lori Drew, cyberbullying, TOS? l Do EULAs stand up in court?  