Prof. Juan Bruce-Novoa Dept. Spanish & Portuguese

México in Search of Itself Independence 1829 Spanish Invasion Political Chaos, i.e. 16 Presidents 1836 Texas Rebellion U.S. Invasion: Territory reduced 50% War of Reform French Invasion & Imposed Empire Pax Porfiriana

1.Mexican 2.National Character 3.National Style 4.National Production 5.National Consumption 6.Self-Representation 1.Spanish... US 2.Colonial Character 3.International Style 4.Foreign Marketing 5.Foreign Production 6. Misrepresentation Modernization Models of Modernity

CIVIL RELIGION: History as progress towards ideal fusion: Best of European & Indian: Mestizo Nation, the “natural” Logic of Evolution. USEABLE INDIAN PAST Aztec: ideal civilization lacking only Christianity. Surpassed through laws of “natural” Logic of Evolution.

Porfirian Mexican Evolutionary Logic 1.Elite Native Culture: Aztec Empire 2. Elite European: Greco-Roman/ Spanish 3.Enlightened Liberal, Cosmopolitan Positivism Heroic Protagonists 1.Cuauhtémoc: native nobility 2.Hidalgo: Independence 3.Juárez: Liberty 4.Díaz: Peace & Progress

WORLD FAIRISM International Stages for Performing Nationalism & Modernity New Orleans 1884Paris 1900

Cuauhtémoc

Staging Local Modernity: URBANISM & CITY PLANNING 1. Totalizing Jesuit theory of planned environment 2. A nation’s historical & moral qualities expressed in their products, especially architecture. 3. Epitome of civilized character  organization of social space: the city. 4. Urbanization to remedy inherited chaos. 5. City Planning of harmonious future.

Owen Buckingham Pemberton Smith

Victorian Gothic Revival Charles Barry &Augustus Welby Pugin John Ruskin: The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) Moral superiority of Gothic; nostalgia for ideal Christian past

Washington D.C.

Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussmann Paris Urbanization, Replace Medieval chaos with order. Facilitate movement & new sense of space and how to experience it. a. Wide streets: boulevards b. Monumental buildings at key sites c. New Technologies d. Sense of total organization = social order as product spacial orientation

Mexico City: 19 th Century

Palacio de Minería 1813

Classic Vs Gothic?

Parisian UrbanU.S. Urban

“El Caballito”: Site of Memory Monument to Carlos IV ( )

Residence in Colonial Roma 1890s 1904: Official Government Architectural Policy of Eclecticism: Meet Universal Structural needs with Unlimited Exterior Choice; Architect as Civil Servant to administer to the Common Good

Classical Non-Classical Building Construction Years Architectural Styles

School of Mines 1813 Secretariat of Communications and Public Works 1910

Central de Correos 1910

Cámara de Diputados, 1910

Monument to Cuauhtémoc 1887 Angel of Independence 1910 P A S E O De la R E F O R M A 1840 PARIS

1908

Boulevard As Museum of National History

Family as National Allegory : Building a Future on Solid Present Celebrated in 1910 Independence Centenary

1910 Centenary of Mexican Independence

1910 La B o l a GOITIAGOITIA

Herrán´s Azuela´s Mexican Family in Family Underdogs