Fingerprints Photos from Kendall Hunt Publishing Content from Chapter 4 in Forensic Science for High School Students and numerous other sources

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting2 Bertillon Signalment In the late 1800’s Alphonse Bertillon’s method of identification became popular.  With photos people could now be ID’d  Method required many instruments and took much training to be accurate  Inaccuracy was major issue  Measurements: standing height, wing span, trunk sitting, head length & width, each ear, left foot, left middle finger, & left forearm

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting3 Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints History William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton— published Finger Prints in 1892 after extensive research -identified anatomy -methods of recording -pattern types: loops, arches, and whorls -estimated 64 billion possibilities -theorized 3 principles

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting4 Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints History Edward Richard Henry— in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system Juan Vucetich— developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries 1924-US consolidates Bureau of Investigation files with Leavenworth Prison files as FBI formed Today the FBI has the largest collection of prints in the world with 700,000,000 individuals

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting5 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 1.A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. 2.A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. 3.Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting6 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. Minutiae-ridge characteristics -150 individual minutiae per finger -Most prints are partial - 8 to 12 are needed for match Ridge Counts - # of ridges between Delta and core -only in loop prints A balloon will help you see it

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting7 Minutiae

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting8 Fingerprint Minutiae

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting9 2. Fingerprints remain unchanged The dermal papillae develops as fetus, except growth, it never changes Impossible to obliterate, even scars would provide unique prints Primates have prints

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting10 3. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. LAW : Loops: 60% Ulnar Radial Arches: 6% Tented Plain Whorls: 34% Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting11 Loop – Looks like a LAKE A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Types Radial—opens toward the thumb “Right On!” Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) “Under” Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand?

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting12 Arch An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain – Bike rider won’t blow out a tire Tented – spike in the road

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting13 Whorl A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Types Plain Central pocket Double loop Accidental

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting14 Plain Whorl Arrow through the delta – must cross at least one circle Deltas are more symmetrical

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting15 Central Pocket Loop Whorl 1 Circle, 2 Deltas and arrow does not cross a circle Delta is usually off balance

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting16 Double Loop Whorl 2 loops inside 2 deltas Looks like a wave or Yin/Yang

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting17 Accidental Whorl 3 deltas or combination of tented & loop arch Basically a mess

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting18 LOOP WHORLARCH

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting19 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. rightleft

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting20 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: rightrightleftleftleft indexringthumbmiddlelittle+ 1 rightrightrightleftleft thumbmiddlelittleindexring+ 1 That number is your primary classification number. =

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting21 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting22 Latent Prints Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. Most secretions come from three glands: Eccrine —secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints. Apocrine —secretes pheromones and other organic materials. Sebaceous —secretes fatty or greasy substances.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting23 Developing Latent Prints Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. Powders —adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast with the background. Iodine —fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow-brown color.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting24 Developing Latent Prints, continued Ninhydrin —reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. Silver nitrate —reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light.. Cyanoacrylate —“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting25 Iodine Fingerprint

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting26 Ninhydrin Fingerprint

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting27 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting28 Other Prints Lips—several common patterns Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting29 Other Prints, continued Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting30 Other Prints, continued Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting31 Other Prints, continued A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The assailant was caught after police matched the inprint of his ear on the victim’s window. Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home. Earprint catches murderer

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting32 Other Prints, continued Teeth —bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting33 Other Prints, continued The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting34 AFIS The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to: Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others. IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting35 Biometrics Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.) Used today in conjunction with AFIS. Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry. Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting36 Developing Prints - basics A little powder goes a long way! Gentle! You can obliterate prints Applying powder is the “art” of the job – some swirl others up/down & side to side Lift best print first

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting37 Rolling Finger Prints Media Sheet: How to Take Prints  Video goes quickly so pay attention  Completed worksheet serves as your lab instruction guide

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting38 Rolling Finger Prints Reminders:  A little ink goes a long way  Nail edge to nail edge!  Don’t change pressure or course  Have person RELAX!  Hands lower than inking surface

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Chapter 4 EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting39 Rolling Finger Prints