Basic Energy Sciences Harriet Kung Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy Board on Physics and Astronomy Spring Meeting Keck Center of the National Academies April 24, 2009 OFFICE OF SCIENCE

2 What’s New I.Staffing II.The BESAC “New Era” Subcommittee Report: “New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future” III.Budget  H.R. 1, The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009  FY 2009 Budget Appropriation  EFRC and SISGR Updates IV.LCLS First Light

3 Scattering and Instrumentation Sciences Helen Kerch Cheryl Howard, P.A. X-ray Scattering Lane Wilson Neutron Scattering Thiyaga P. Thiyagarajan Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopies Jane Zhu DOE EPSCoR* Tim Fitzsimmons Helen Farrell, INL * Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Jim Horwitz Marsophia Agnant, P.A. Exp. Cond. Mat. Phys. Andy Schwartz Doug Finnemore, Ames Vacant Theo. Cond. Mat. Phys. Michael Lee Arun Bansil, NEU Jim Davenport, BNL Kim Ferris, PNNL Physical Behavior of Materials Refik Kortan Mechanical Behavior and Radiation Effects John Vetrano Linda Horton, Director Ehsan Khan, Program Manager Christie Ashton, Program Analyst Charnice Waters, Secretary Physical Biosciences Bob Stack Photosynthetic Systems Gail McLean Photo- and Bio- Chemistry Rich Greene Sharron Watson, P.A. Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Eric Rohlfing, Director Diane Marceau, Program Analyst Michaelene Kyler-King, Program Assistant Scientific User Facilities Division Pedro Montano, Director Linda Cerrone, Program Support Specialist Rocio Meneses, Program Assistant OperationsConstruction Materials Discovery, Design, and Synthesis Arvind Kini Kerry Gorey, P.A. Tech. Coordination Program Management John Vetrano Vacant Materials Chemistry Dick Kelley Jim McBreen, BNL Vacant Biomolecular Materials Mike Markowitz Synthesis and Processing Bonnie Gersten Jeff Tsao, SNL Mike Coltrin, SNL Catalysis Science Raul Miranda Paul Maupin Heavy Element Chemistry Lester Morss Norm Edelstein, LBNL Separations and Analysis Bill Millman Larry Rahn, SNL Geosciences Nick Woodward Pat Dobson, LBNL Chemical Transformations John Miller Teresa Crockett, P.A. Solar Photochemistry Mark Spitler Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences Jeff Krause Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Mark Pederson Fundamental Interactions Michael Casassa Robin Felder, P.A. Spallation Neutron Source Upgrades Tom Brown NSLS II Tom Brown TEAM Vacant Instrument MIEs (SING, LUSI, etc.) Vacant Advanced Light Source User Support Building Tom Brown X-ray and Neutron Scattering Facilities Roger Klaffky Vacant Nanoscience Centers & E-beam Centers Tof Carim Vacant Accelerator and Detector R&D Vacant Facility Coordination, Metrics, Assessment Van Nguyen Linac Coherent Light Source Tom Brown Harriet Kung, Director Wanda Smith, Administrative Specialist Office of Basic Energy Sciences Technology Office Coordination Marvin Singer Vacant Condensed-Phase and Interfacial Mol. Science Greg Fiechtner Gas-Phase Chemical Physics Wade Sisk Larry Rahn, SNL BES Operations Rich Burrow, DOE Technical Office Coordination Don Freeburn, DOE and Stakeholder Interactions Ken Rivera, Laboratory Infrastructure / ES&H Katie Perine, Program Analyst / BESAC Vacant, Technology Office Coordination BES Budget and Planning Bob Astheimer, Technical Advisor Margie Davis, Financial Management Vacant, Program Support Specialist April 2009 Posted 01APR09 Detailee (from DOE laboratories) Detailee, ½ time Detailee, ½ time, not at HQ Detailee, ¼ time, not at HQ On detail from SC-2, ½ time IPA (Interagency Personnel Act) P.A. Program Assistant L E G E N D Materials Sciences and Engineering Division

4 Linda Announcement

5 Energy and Science Grand Challenges BESAC and BES Reports  Secure Energy Future, 2002  Hydrogen Economy, 2003  Solar Energy Utilization, 2005  Superconductivity, 2006  Solid-state Lighting, 2006  Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, 2006  Clean and Efficient Combustion of Fuels, 2006  Electrical Energy Storage, 2007  Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems, 2007  Materials Under Extreme Environments, 2007  Directing Matter and Energy: Five Grand Challenges for Science and the Imagination, 2007  New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future, 2008

6 New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future Three Strategic Goals:  Making fuels from sunlight  Generating electricity without carbon dioxide emissions  Revolutionizing energy efficiency and use reports/list.html Charge:  Summarize the range of scientific research directions that emerged from the 2002 BESAC report Basic Research Needs for a Secure Energy Future, the follow-on BES BRNs reports, and the BESAC report “ Directing Matter and Energy: Five Challenges for Science and the Imagination.” Identify key cross-cutting scientific themes that are common to these reports.  Summarize the implementation strategies, and human resources that will be required to accomplish the science described in the aforementioned reports. Co-Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL) and Marc Kastner (MIT) Members: Michelle Buchanan, Thomas Mallouk, John Sarrao, Michael Klein, Arthur Nozik, Julia Phillips, Sue Clark, Frank DiSalvo, Don DePaolo, Simon Bare, Wayne Hendrickson, Wolfgang Eberhardt, Franz Himpsel, Michael Norman, Andrea Cavalleri, Carl Lineberger, Yet-Ming Chiang, Pat Looney

7 Energy Sustainability and Materials Greater Sustainability = Greater Complexity, higher functional materials Traditional Energy Materials Fuels: coal, oil, gas CH 0.8, CH 2, CH 4 Passive Function: Combustion Value: Commodities High Energy Content Sustainable Energy Materials Diverse Functions PV, Superconductors, Photocatalysts Battery Electrodes Electrolytic Membranes Active Function: Converting Energy Value: Functionality 30 year Lifetime

8 Solar Energy Utilization: PV Production Learning Curve Note: By 2020, current trajectory will supply 16 GW (peak) (~3.5 GW avg) in U.S. whereas at least 425 GW will be needed just for electricity, and ~2000 GW for fuel. 80% “80% Learning Curve”: Module price decreases by 20% for every doubling of cumulative production Silicon Wafer Technologies

9 Solar Energy Utilization: Breakthroughs Needed New Science is required to move us off the present curve PV grid parity (~$0.10/kWh) is projected by But this is not good enough for massive use of solar power. That would require solar at $0.02/kWh (cost of coal). And that bold goal requires basic research and resultant disruptive technology. Future scenarios: Crystalline silicon Thin films/Concentrators New technologies

10 Enabling Technologies: Storing Energy  Store intermittent solar and wind electricity  Electrify transportation with plug-in hybrids and electric cars Energy/weight Energy/volume Energy Storage Density gasoline batteries super capacitors ethanol combustion methanol hydrogen compounds (target) compressed hydrogen gas chemical + fuel cells = electricity x2-5 increase in battery energy density; x10-20 increase through chemical storage + fuel cells

11 New Science: Mastering Complexity Nanoscience Computer modeling Complex materials Controlling Materials and Chemistries in ultra-small and ultra-fast regimes A New Era of Science:  Build materials with atom-by-atom chemical precision  Predict behavior of new materials  Design novel materials and chemistries for specific tasks

12 BESAC Subcommittee on Facing our Energy Challenges in a New Era of Science iles/NSSSEF_rpt.pdf Recommendations:  Control science with complex functional materials.  Increase the rate of discoveries and establish US leadership in next-generation carbon-free energy technologies.  ‘Dream teams’ of highly educated talent, equipped with forefront tools, and focused on the most pressing challenges  Aggressively recruit the best talent through a series of workforce development.

13 Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science FY 2009 Budget Request

14 Basic Energy Sciences The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 BES will invest $524.3 million of the ARRA funding for the following six activities:  $150.0M to accelerate the civilian construction of the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory;  $14.7M to complete the construction of the User Support Building (USB) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory;  $33.6M to complete the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Ultrafast Science Instruments (LUSI) MIE project at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory;  $25.0M for capital equipment replenishment and augmentation at the five BES Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs);  $24.0M for four synchrotron radiation light sources capital equipments, AIP, other upgrades  $277.0M for Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs).

15 Basic Energy Sciences FY 2009 Appropriations FY 2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act Division C - Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2009 “Basic Energy Sciences.—The bill provides $1,571,972,407 for this program. Within this amount, $17,000,000 is provided for the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). Full funding is provided to support the operations of the major scientific user facilities and the five Nanoscale Science Research Centers, as well as additional instrumentation for the Spallation Neutron Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source. The control level is at the Basic Energy Sciences level.” Total, BES FY 2009 Request 1,269,9021,568,1601,571, ,070+3,812 FY 2008 Enacted Omnibus Bill Omnibus Bill vs. Enacted Omnibus Bill vs. Request (in thousands)

16 History of Request vs. Appropriation (FY08 Constant Dollars)* * Prior to FY 2008 Supplemental & FY 2009 Recovery Act Funding

17  Core research programs  $100M for Energy Frontier Research Centers  ~$55M for single investigator and small group awards for grand science and energy research (including one-time funding for mid-scale instrumentation and ultrafast science)  Facility-related research (detectors, optics, etc.) ~ $10M  $17M for EPSCoR (vs. request of $8.24M)  Scientific user facilities operations  Full funding for:  Synchrotron light sources  Neutron scattering facilities  Electron microcharacterization facilities  Nanoscale Science Research Centers  Construction and instrumentation  Full funding for:  National Synchrotron Light Source-II  Linac Coherent Light Source + Linac operations + instruments  Advanced Light Source User Support Building  Spallation Neutron Source instruments  PULSE Building FY 2009 BES Budget Omnibus Appropriations Act 2009 MSE Research CSGB Research Facilities Ops Appropriation $ 1,572M MSE Research CSGB Research Facilities Ops EFRC MIE GPP SBIR Construction SUF Research Neutron Sources Light Sources NSRC OPC

18 EFRC will pursue collaborative fundamental research that addresses both energy challenges and science grand challenges in areas such as:  Solar Energy Utilization  Geosciences for Nuclear Waste and CO 2 Storage  Catalysis for Energy  Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems  Electrical Energy Storage  Combustion of 21st Century Transportation Fuels  Solid State Lighting  Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use  Superconductivity  Materials Under Extreme Environments  Other  Conversion of Biological Feedstock to Portable Fuels Engaging the Talents of the Nation’s Researchers for the Broad Energy Sciences: BES announced the initiation of EFRCs to accelerate the scientific breakthroughs needed to create advanced energy technologies for the 21st century. The EFRCs will pursue the fundamental understanding necessary to meet the global need for abundant, clean, and economical energy. Energy Frontier Research Center Tackling our energy challenges in a new era of science

19 Timeline of the EFRC Solicitation 2/2008 BES rolled- out EFRC in FY2009 Budget Request & BESAC 4/2008 EFRC FOA issued Amended 4/2008 6/2008 9/2008 7/2008 BES Received 251 Letters of Intent 10/2008 BES 261 Full Proposals Received BES Conducted Merit Reviews Jan 08April 08Oct 08Jan 09 Apr 09 July 08 FY2008 FY 2009 Awards Announcement Continuing Resolution through 3/6/09 July 09

20 Single-Investigator and Small-Group Research (SISGR) will significantly enhance the core research programs in BES and pursue the fundamental understanding necessary to meet the global need for abundant, clean, and economical energy. Awards are planned for three years, with funding in the range of $ K/yr for single- investigator awards and $ K/yr for small-group awards Areas of interest include: Grand challenge science: ultrafast science; chemical imaging, complex & emergent behavior Use inspired discovery science: basic research for electrical energy storage; advanced nuclear energy systems; solar energy utilization; hydrogen production, storage, and use; geological CO2 sequestration; other basic research areas identified in BESAC and BES workshop reports with an emphasis on nanoscale phenomena Tools for grand challenge science: midscale instrumentation; accelerator and detector research (exclude capital equipment supports) Single-Investigator & Small-Group Research

21 Cross-cutting 15% Energy Efficiency 10% Energy Storage 16% Grand Science Challenges and Tools 28% 31% Energy Sources  Ultrafast Science  Chemical Imaging  Mid-scale Instrumentation  Complex Systems and Emergent Behavior  Catalysis for Energy  Materials under Extreme Environments  Solid-state Lighting  Clean and Efficient Combustion  Superconductivity  Electrical Energy Storage  Hydrogen Research  Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems  Solar Energy Utilization  Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide SISGR Solicitation Status 879 Whitepapers; ~ 88% from Universities; 11% DOE Labs; 1% Other Institutions

22 FY 2009 Continuing Resolution through 3/6/09 Jan 08April 08Oct 08 Jan 09 Apr 09 July 08 FY2008 July 09 2/2008 BES discussed SISGR Plan at BESAC 4/2008 BES issued SISGR web notice by 10/2008 BES Received ~ 880 whitepapers 3/2009 BES to notify PIs of whitepaper decisions (tentative) 4/2009 Full proposals due to BES (tentative) 6/2009 BES to issue SISGR awards (tentative) Timeline of the SISGR

23 SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source “First Light”

: National Academies Report : BESAC (Birgeneau) Report : BESAC (Leone) Report $1.5M/year, 4 years 2003: DOE Critical Decision 2A $30M in 2005 for Long Lead Procurements 2001: DOE Critical Decision : LCLS Conceptual Design DOE Critical Decision 1 $36M for Project Engineering Design Critical Decision 3A: Long-Lead Acquisitions 2006: Critical Decision 3B: Groundbreaking 2009: First Light 2005: Critical Decision 2B: Define Project Baseline 1992: Proposal (Pellegrini), Study Group(Winick) 1996: Design Study Group (M. Cornacchia) 1998: LCLS Design Study Report SLAC : LCLS- the First Experiments (Shenoy & Stohr) SLAC-R : DOE 20-Year Facilities Roadmap 2010: Project Completion

25 Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC Injector (35º) at 2-km point Existing 1/3 Linac (1 km) (with modifications) Far Experiment Hall (underground) Near Experiment Hall (underground) New e  Transfer Line (340 m) X-ray Transport Line (200 m) Undulator (130 m) X-Ray Transport/Optics/Diagnostics

26 Atomic Physics (LCLS) Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (LCLS) 8/2009 Plasma and Warm Dense Matter Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) (OFES? awaiting CD-0) Nanoscale Dynamics Coherent scattering at the in Condensed matter (LUSI) nanoscale (XCS) (LUSI) Structural Studies on Single Nano-particle and single Particles and Biomolecules molecule (non-periodic) (LUSI) imaging (CXI) (LUSI) Femtochemistry Pump/probe diffraction (LUSI) dynamics (XPP) (LUSI) Soft X-Ray Imaging & Spectroscopy (SXR ) (DESY + +MPI+CFEL+Stanford+LBNL) Program developed by international team of scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities SLAC Report 611 First Experiments Six Instruments Concepts

27 Construction >90% complete

28 Program Web Links: BES page: BES Staff Contact: Proposal Submission: BES Workshop Reports: EFRC: SISGR: Office of Basic Energy Sciences

29  Basic research for fundamental new understanding on materials or systems that may revolutionize or transform today’s energy technologies  Development of new tools, techniques, and facilities, including those for the scattering sciences and for advanced modeling and computation  Basic research, often with the goal of addressing showstoppers on real- world applications in the energy technologies  Research with the goal of meeting technical milestones, with emphasis on the development, performance, cost reduction, and durability of materials and components or on efficient processes  Proof of technology concepts  Scale-up research  At-scale demonstration  Cost reduction  Prototyping  Manufacturing R&D  Deployment support Technology Maturation & Deployment Applied Research How nature works Materials properties and chemical functionalities by design Grand Challenges Discovery and Use-Inspired Basic Research How nature works Materials properties and chemical functionalities by design  Controlling materials processes at the level of quantum behavior of electrons  Atom- and energy-efficient syntheses of new forms of matter with tailored properties  Emergent properties from complex correlations of atomic and electronic constituents  Man-made nanoscale objects with capabilities rivaling those of living things  Controlling matter very far away from equilibrium BESAC & BES Basic Research Needs Workshops BESAC Grand Challenges Panel DOE Technology Office/Industry Roadmaps Basic and Applied R&D Coordination How Nature Works … to … Design and Control … to … Technologies for the 21 st Century