Medical and Nursing History The early beginnings

Very Early Primitive humans were superstitious and believed that illness and disease was caused by spirits. Tribal doctors tried to exorcise the spirits out, and used herbs and plants. Foxglove (digitalis) Cinchona tree (quinine) Nightshade (belladonna and atropine)

Egyptians ( BC) Earliest people to keep accurate health records Identified certain diseases Used medicines to heal diseases Learned the art of splinting Average life span years

Ancient Greeks ( BC) First to study the cause of disease Kept accurate records Understood importance of searching for new information Ancient times did not allow for dissection of bodies. Learned the external observation (Hippocrates B.C.) Hippocrates wrote standard of ethics Oath of Hippocrates

Greeks Continued…. Rome (753 BC-410 AD) Begins Observed and measured the effects of disease. Discovered that some diseases caused by lack of sanitation Romans were smart and learned from the Greeks. Romans developed sewers and aqueducts Romans build public baths

More Romans First to organize healthcare First to send doctors and equipment into battle Physicians kept a room in their house for the sick (beginning of hospitals) Doctors were paid by the roman government They wore a death mask with a spice filled beak. Average Life Span years.

The Dark Ages ( a.d.) & Middle ages( A.D.) When the study of science stopped. For over 1000 years medicine was practiced in convents and monasteries Priest had no interest in how the body functioned Epidemics caused millions of death Best know was the Bubonic plague (The black plague) 60 million people alone.

Middle Ages Continues Arab Physicians used knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology Rhazes became known as the Arab Hippocrates –Based diagnoses on observations –Began the use of animal gut as suture material Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses Average life span years

Rebirth of science of medicine Dissection of the Body began Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body First Chairs of medicine created at Oxford and Cambrigde in England First anatomy book published Servetus ( ) describe the circulatory system Bacon ( ) –Promoted chemical remedies to treat diseases –Researched optics and refraction Average life span years The Renaissance ( AD)

16 th and 17 th Centuries  Causes of Diseases still not known  Many people died from infections and puerperal fever (childbirth)  Pare ( ) Father of modern Surgery Use of ligatures to bind arteries Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds Improved treatment of Fx, promoted artificial Limbs  Fallopian ( ) ID fallopian tubes and described tympanic membrane  Van Leeuwenhoek ( ) invented the microscope  Apothacaries made, prescribed, and sold medications  Average life Span years

18 th Century New ways of teaching medicine developed. Lecture, Laboratory, and bedside. Disease processes explored after patient death Laennec invented the stethoscope. B. Franklin’s discovered bifocals and how colds are transmitted Jenner Discovered a method for smallpox vaccinations Lind prescribe lime juice to prevent scurvy Average life span years

19 th Century Royal College of Surgeons founded in London First successful blood transfusion was performed Fliedner started first nurse training program in Germany Provided Florence Nightingale with her training Semmelweis encouraged physicians to wash hands with limes. Anesthetics first used by dentist William Morton Chloroform first used during surgery.

19 th Century Continued Elizabeth Blackwell first female physician in U.S Nightingale established efficient and sanitary nursing unit 1860 Began professional education for nurse in London Dix was appointed first Superintendent of Female nurse in the Army International Red Cross Founded Lister used disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery

19 th Century Continued Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 Pasteur created rabies vaccine in Viruses discovered 1883-Wald established Henry St. Settlement in NYC X-rays were invented Average life span years

20 th Century W. Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever insulin discovered to treat diabetes Penicillin discovered Sulfa drugs developed First heart lung machine used in open heart surgery First kidney transplant government enters the healthcare services

20 th Century… First HMO established amniocentesis used Computerized axial tomography was developed AIDS was identified First Artificial heart implanted Jarvik HIV identified sheep cloned Average life span years

THE FUTURE????