20 th Century Architecture (Part I)

Late 19 th -Century 1. Cast Iron: Paxton1. Cast Iron: Paxton Eiffel Eiffel 2. Sullivan and the skyscraper2. Sullivan and the skyscraper

Late 19 th -Century Marked by new structural methodsMarked by new structural methods Utilitarian rather than ornamentalUtilitarian rather than ornamental steel framework and often glass walls replace traditionally masonry designssteel framework and often glass walls replace traditionally masonry designs

Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)

Eiffel Tower,Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889 Paris, 1889

Louis Henry Sullivan The Chicago SchoolThe Chicago School “ Form follows function ” :“ Form follows function ” : The style was the result of the natural use of new materials and of the function of their buildings. The style was the result of the natural use of new materials and of the function of their buildings. The birth of modern architectureThe birth of modern architecture

Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. Louis,

Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Department Store, Chicago,

Burnham and Root: Reliance Building, Chicago, 1894

Empire State Building, NY,

Modernism in Architecture Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature.

Modernist 1. Wright1. Wright 2. The Bauhaus2. The Bauhaus 3. Le Corbusier3. Le Corbusier

Frank Lloyd Wright Organic and romanticOrganic and romantic

William H. Winslow House, Illinois, 1893William H. Winslow House, Illinois, 1893

Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Chicago, Illinois

Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Bear Run, PAFrank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA

Johnson Wax Building, Wisconsin, , InsideJohnson Wax Building, Wisconsin, , Inside

Guggenheim Museum, NY, Guggenheim Museum, NY,

The Bauhaus Founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius, through a fusion of Grand Ducal Academy of Art with the Arts and Crafts School Advocated a close relationship between the function and formal design

The Bauhaus Endorsed the new synthetic materials of modern technology, a stark simplicity of design, and the standardization of parts for affordable, mass-produced merchandise, as well as for large- scale housing. (Fiero 837)

The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, The Bauhaus Building, Dessau,

Fagus Factory, Germany, 1911Fagus Factory, Germany, 1911

AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin,

Le CorbusierLe Corbusier Ludwig Mies van der RoheLudwig Mies van der Rohe Characterized by poetic minimalism: “ Less is more. ”Characterized by poetic minimalism: “ Less is more. ” The International Style

International Style Emphasis on truth-telling: no decoration Subscribed to idea that form follows function Building seen as volume generated by interplay of planes and spaces Planar flatness of walls: preference for stucco, which unfortunately cracks

L udwig Mies van der Rohe ( ) L udwig Mies van der Rohe ( ) mastered the use of glass in the steel-frame skyscraper, creating the face of the modern corporationmastered the use of glass in the steel-frame skyscraper, creating the face of the modern corporation linear, rational, and (in theory) cheaplinear, rational, and (in theory) cheap believed in an objective architecture based on the machine age; rejected ornaments, calling them “ noodles ”believed in an objective architecture based on the machine age; rejected ornaments, calling them “ noodles ”

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York,

Le Corbusier A failed sociological architect but an inspired aesthetic oneA failed sociological architect but an inspired aesthetic one Voisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acre L-shaped site on Right BankVoisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acre L-shaped site on Right Bank Get rid of history to make way for a “vertical city... bathed in light and air”Get rid of history to make way for a “vertical city... bathed in light and air”

Le Corbusier, Drawing for the Voisin Plan (1925)

Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, The vision of the zoned modernist city built with standardized industrial construction

Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, Economically 'efficient', yet shown to be an urban disaster around the world.

Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France,

Unit é d ’ Habitation, Marseille, France, stories, containing flats for 1600 people

Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France,

Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1957Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1957

Le Corbusier Center, Zurich, Switzerland, 1963Le Corbusier Center, Zurich, Switzerland, 1963

The EndThe End