Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West AP World History Mr. Toma Midwest City High School

The Age of Revolution Age of Revolution (1776-1848) American Revolution 1775 French Revolution 1789 What contributes? Intellectual challenge, commercial growth, population pressure, tense politics

Forces of Change Three forces working to disrupt Europe Cultural force Commercialization Population revolution Protoindustralization Social changes throughout Europe

The American Revolution New taxes and trade controls after 1763 Taxation Without Representation Declaration of Independence of 1776 Issued by the new American government American Constitution in 1789

French Revolution Louis XVI called for a parliamentary meeting about tax reform New assembly calls for one vote per head New middle-class assembly becomes a political regime Manorialism abolished: Peasents were given title to lands, church property seized, Bastille stormed July 14, 1789 New constitution with new individual rights, Kings power limited.

French Radicals Reign of Terror (1792-1795) Led by Maximilien Robespierre Use of the guillotine Prosecuted the king in 1792 1794“Cult of the Supreme Being” (Civic Religion) Second purge let to his execution. Pushed revolutionary reforms Nationalism

French Authoritarians Napoleon Bonaparte, converted France to an authoritarian empire. Devoted most attention to expansion abroad. Held or controlled most of western Europe by 1812 1812- France begins to fail (invasion of Russia fails) Spread revolutionary ideas and legislation Encouraged nationalism

Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

Revolutionary Legacy 1815, Congress of Vienna= peace settlement Territorial adjustments Growing political movements Conservatives, Liberals, Radicals Greek Revolution of 1820 Belgian Revolution of 1830 French Revolution of 1830 Reform Bill of 1832

Industrialization and 1848 Revolutions Industrial Revolution Chartist Movement Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary Democracy in France Failures of revolutions Industrial class structure

Adjustments to Industrial Life Railroads and canals were constructed and linked cities throughout Europe. Family life adjusted to urbanization. Louis Pasteur discovered germs. 1860-1873- The number of corporations in Europe doubled. Peasant protests declined.

Industrialization in Europe, 1850

Political Trends and New Nations Many Western leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution after 1850. Nationalism in Italy and Germany Kingdom of Italy established 1861 Germany unification in 1871 American Civil War 1861-1865 Most Western nations had a parliamentary system by 1870s.

Unification of Italy 1859-1870

Unification of Germany 1815-1871

Government Functions Civil service examinations in all governments(ability over bloodline) Governments extended regulations (factory safety, immigration, etc) Schooling expanded (compulsory to age12) By 1900, 90-95% of Western Europeans and Americans were literate Governments introduce welfare measures The “Social Question” (socialism and feminist movements)

Socialism Rise of Socialism in Germany by Karl Marx Class struggle = group out of power (propertyless proletariat) vs. group controlling the means of production (bourgeoisie) Grievances of proletariat will lead to revolution; full freedom will be achieved Class struggle would end because class systems would be eliminated Socialist parties extend to Austria, France

More Challenges Revisionism- argument that Marx’s ideas were wrong and success could be achieved by peaceful means Feminist movements, 1900s Suffrage in 1918 for USA, Germany, Britain Most movements came from middle class women

Cultural Transformations White-collar labor force grows in the working class Secretaries, clerks, salespeople Widespread advertising promoted products Bicycle fad of the 1880’s Mass leisure culture Theatre, comedy routines, entertainment Team sports Soccer, football, baseball 1896- Olympic games

Advances in Scientific Knowledge 1859- Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species All living species evolved and adapted in order to survive Albert Einstein- theory of relativity Time as a factor in physical measurement Sigmund Freud- study of the human subconscious

New Directions in Art Romanticism- emotion is key to human experience and nature, not reason and generalization. Art- intense passion, madness, interest in literature Writers- to move readers to tears, not debate Poetry- did not have to rhyme Art and Sculpture- more and more abstract Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Children

Western Settler Societies Industrial Revolution created the need for new markets and the need for new raw materials and agricultural products. Industrialization of the West’s military Repeating rifle and machine gun Steamships Massive European emigration Many societies were immigrant majorities

Emerging Power of U.S. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 America as a symbol of freedom 1861-1865 American Civil War Industrial North, growing farms vs. Slave-holding, plantation growing South Disputes over slaveholding Accelerated industrialization

European Settlements European immigrants settled in Canada, Australia, New Zealand in the 19th century Canada won by Britain from France in 18th century Granted self-rule in 1839 from Britain Britain established colonies in 1788 in Australia By 1840, Australia has 140,000 European immigrants New Zealand was taken control over by the British in 1840

Early 19th-century Settlements

Diplomatic Tensions and the New Alliance System Imperialist expansion fed the sense of rivalry between nation-states 1907- Most European nations were in one of two alliance systems. Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, France Artillery levels and naval forces grew steadily Germany concerned about facing enemies on east and west

World War I Small Balkan nations won independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century 1912 and 1913- Balkan nations engaged in two internal wars Serbia didn’t gain as much territory as they thought it should be granted 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist Russia mobilized its troops against Austria World War I begins on August 1st, 1914