Diocletian to Constantine to Justinian

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Diocletian to Constantine to Justinian Roman Empire, Part 2 Diocletian to Constantine to Justinian

Flavian Emperors Vespasian 69-79 – sent by Nero to put down revolt in Judea, Colosseum, sent Titus to Judea to destroy Temple in 70 AD Titus 79-81 – Mt. Vesuvius, Pompeii, Herculaneum, finished Colosseum Domitian 81-96 – brother of Titus

The Five Good Emperors Nerva 96-98 - Trajan 98-117 – adopted by Nerva (non-blood relative) Hadrian 117-138 – tried to build temple on site of Solomon’s Temple, 3-year war ensued, Hadrian’s Wall, Picts Antonius Pius 138-161 - Marcus Aurelius 161-180 – stoic philosopher, Meditations, Pax Romana ends, possibly died of Plague of Galen

Commodus and Diocletian Commodus 180-192 – brutal, loved gladiatorial contests Diocletian 284-305 –divided empire into Tetrarchy, lots of Christian persecution Tetrarchy – East had one “Augustus” and one “Caesar”, West had one “Augustus” and one “Caesar”, 20 years East: Diocletian and Galerius West: Maximian and Constantius I

Diocletian’s Division of the Empire

The Tetrarchy Chaos Begins 305 AD – Maximian and Diocletian abdicated, Constantius and Galerius raised to Augustus Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus raised to Caesar (2nd tetrarchy) 306 – Constantius died, Severus promoted but troops supported the son, Constantine 307 - Maxentius, son of Maximian, also claimed Augustus, had Severus murdered Retired Diocletian and Maximian appointed West: Licinius and Constantine, East: Galerius and Maximinus

Constantine the Great, 306-337 309-313 – Civil War, Battle of Milvian Bridge 312 – “In this sign, conquer.” (Cross), defeated Maxentius Others died in battle of naturally 313-324 – Constantine (West) and Licinius (East) last two standing Edict of Milan 313 – Constantine and Licinius, property returned to Christians, made Christianity legal 324 – defeats Licinius, becomes sole emperor of Roman Empire, Constantinople founded (New Rome) Mother Helena – finds True Cross 325 AD - 1st Council of Nicea – combats the heresy Arianism, Creed, date of Pascha (Easter)

Battle of Milvian Bridge (Renaissance 15th C.)

St. Helen Finds True Cross

1st Council of Nicea

Barbarian Invasions 410 AD - Alaric of the Visigoths (Arians) sacks Rome 409-429 – Vandals (Arians) take N. Africa and invade Spain 434-453 - Attila the Hun, took over from brother Bleda Eastern Roman Empire paid tribute 451 – lost Battle of Catalaunian Plains 452 – persuaded by Pope Leo not to attack Rome 455- 2nd sack by Vandals

Hun Empire

Meanwhile…over in the East 527-565 AD - Justinian “Last of the Romans”, Empress Theodora ruled alongside wisely Codified law in Twelve Tables Builds Hagia Sofia Belisarius – favorite general, successful in Persia and won back Africa from Vandals, won Italy back temporarily Stopped Latin in government, switched to Greek

Hagia Sofia

Just before reconquest

Just after reconquest

Loss of Italy again

The state of the West Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals all weakened Franks poised to fill the vacuum left Christianity still the predominant religion Pope still in Rome Merovingian Dynasty of the Franks starts with Clovis (Louis) 486-507 – Clovis conquers many parts of Gaul Converted to Roman Catholicism

Growth of The Franks

Byzantine Empire after Justinian High taxes to pay for western wars Persia attacked Byzantines 632 - Emperor Heraclius eventually prevailed, sacks Persepolis Both empires devastated, unprepared for invading Arab armies from Arabia and Syria Many territories too tired, gladly accepted new rulers