Land Reform Experience, from the Experience of Swedesurvey Cooperation with Transition Countries Tommy Österberg Technical Director Swedesurvey

Land Redistribution Land allocation –distribution of state owned (controlled) land Readjustment –Development of undeveloped land –Division of common land –Redistribution within existing land resources (land consolidation) Access control –acquisition control, influence of prices, suitable manager State land acquisition -Land Bank Strengthening the rights of tenants Influence on land prices

Latvia Land Book (Min of Justice) Cadastral register (State Land Service) private properties through restitution and privatisation Built in pre-war legislation and traditions Real Property: Land with objects, building and tree stands, apartments Restitution in two stages: –Land use rights to claimants through Land Commissions –Land ownership rights to former owners paying with vouchers. Validity of claims to be verified by Land Commissions Real Property Market working ( transaction per year)

Hungary Department of Land and Mapping Real property is land and other independent property Independent property is buildings, apartments etc separated from the rights to the land. Compensation for loss of property through vouchers Auctions of 2 million ha, in total 6,5 million ha reallocated. Small average farms (5-6 ha), non-agriculture people owns significant part, land prices and rents gone down.

Uzbekistan Recently merged into one organisation (Goscomzemgeodescadastre) Real property is –land plots (no ownership) –permanent constructions –permanent trees –underground constructions Conversion of kolchos to shirkat farms (also collective ) Program for conversion of shirkat farms to farms (10-50 ha, use rights 50 years and rights to sell above a quota) Dekhan farms for household farming (lifelong, inheritable right) Land allocation through application Need to improve security of tenure in the present system

Kyrgyzstan GosRegister responsible for registration Urban land privatised and to large extent registered Rural land privatisation started Privatisation through application of urban land Privatisation of rural land through fragmentation of collective farms just started Land market in urban areas but not in rural

Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Real property land, constructions Ownership to constructions, leasehold rights for land Rural land allocated, not urban Considerable informal land market in urban areas

China Individual land use rights introduced in beginning of 1980ies Increased productivity but weak property rights Reallocation, overexploitation, low investments, abuse of power by village authorities 1999 land law revision, written certificates for 30- year leases 2002 new land law, strengthening rights, two-third majority in village for reallocation, women’s rights