Grading Criteria for Assigment 1 Structure – –sense of time, present and past –conflict with two distinct sides –description of cause of conflict –shared values as basis for possible reconciliation Visual – paragraph lengths similar to Lincoln Style – formal language; long, complex sentence structure Basic writing: typos, grammar, spelling Creativity in topic: general “fit” with Lincoln’s essay

Types of Proof Logical proof (logos) Proof that builds credibility (ethos) Emotional proof (pathos)

Types of Logical Proof Argument from sign Argument from induction Argument from cause Argument from deduction Argument from analogy Argument from definition Argument from statistics

Deductive Reasoning (ch. 8) Syllogism: basic form of deductive argument – major premise, minor premise, conclusion Question the structure of the syllogism (does conclusion follow) and the truth of the premises

Some points about fallacies Infinite number of fallacies (Google fallacy!) But fallacies are best understood in context Establish fallacies by questioning an argument’s warrants and making a judgment about appropriate proofs

Logical Fallacies Begging the question (restating the claim) Red herring (irrelevant support) Non sequitur (conclusion does not follow) Straw man (distortion of opposing argument) Stacked evidence (one-sided) Either-or (false dichotomy) Post hoc (faulty cause) Hasty generalization

Fallacies of Ethos & Pathos Ad hominem Guilt by association Using authority instead of evidence Bandwagon appeal Slippery slope Creating false needs