Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong. Murphy’s Law

Transboundary Aquatic Animal Diseases Caused by biological agents Highly contagious Often spread rapidly and cause high morbidity/mortality in naïve populations May be new or emerging diseases Usually require drastic measures to eliminate from aquaculture systems and are impossible or difficult to eradicate once established in wild populations

Recent TAADs: Koi Herpes Virus (KHV)

Global Distribution of KHV USA (1998, 1999) UK (1996, 1998, 2002, 2008), Germany (1997, 2001, 2002, 2003), Belgium (1999), Netherlands (2002), Denmark (2002), Austria (2001), Slovenia (2008) Israel (1998) Thailand (2004) Malaysia (2000, 2001, 2007 ??) Indonesia (2002) Japan (2003) Taiwan (2002) China (2002)

Koi Herpes Virus Classical example of a disease originating in an ornamental fish (koi) that spread to cultured foodfish (comon carp) and wild fisheries. Strong evidence of the importance of ornamental fish as vectors for TAADs (+ SVC, ranaviruses, parasites, bacteria In most countries, the ornamental fish trade is poorly regulated. Assumptions (based on species & end use) that the ornamental trade does not involve risk of disease transfer are not supported by practical experience.

Recent TAADs: White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) WSSV is the most serious pathogen of cultivated shrimp in the world Major pathways are through movement of infected postlarvae and broodstock Shrimp viral disease epidemics show the distance & speed that aquatic animal pathogens can be spread by poor aquaculture practices

Recent TAADs: White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Shrimp viral disease epidemics also show: The time lags between: disease appearance, its characterization, the development of reliable diagnostics tests, its listing by the OIE & other international actions.

The Asian Pandemic / From Dr. P. Walker, CSIRO, Australia

Emergence & Spread of WSSV in the Americas

11 Hawaii Global Movements of Live Shrimp Tahiti From Prof. Donald Lightner, UOA

Global Distribution of WSSV 12 North America USA Mexico Latin America Colombia Ecuador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Brazil Costa Rica El Salvador Southeast Asia Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Viet Nam East Asia P.R. China Japan Taiwan POC South Korea South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Middle East Iran

Recent TAADS: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome first described in Japan as an Aphanomyces (fungal) infection by Egusa and Masuda (1971) mycotic granulomatosis (MG) epizootic cutaneous ulcerative syndrome in estuarine fishes in Australia red spot disease (RSD) since USA ulcerative menhaden disease (UM) major outbreaks since 1985 in Asia Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)

14 Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) infected with mycotic granulomatosis in Japan EUS affected farmed silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) from Eastern Australia Snakehead (Channa sp.) in the Philippines (1985) showing typical EUS lesions ‘ Wild mullet (brackishwater) in the Philippines infected with EUS

15 Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) spread Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam

EUS in Africa:

Asia: since 1971 Africa: since 2006 USA since 1978 Global Distribution of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome

Some Estimates of Losses due to Finfish Diseases 1983 Indonesia Lernaea cyprinacea US$ 11.4 M 1989 Thailand Seabass diseases US$ 0.8 M Grouper diseases US$ 1.07 M 1990/92ChinaBacterial diseases US$ 120 M 1990 MalaysiaVibriosis US$ 7.4 M JapanMarine fish diseasesUS$ M 2002 IndonesiaKHV US$ 15 M JapanKHV US$ 1.4 M Annually NorwayISA US$ 11 M AnnuallyCanadaISA US$ 14 M KHV = koi herpes virus, ISA = infectious salmon anemia

Some Estimates of Losses due to Shrimp Diseases 1992 Thailand YHD US$ 30.6 M 1993 China Shrimp Diseases US$ 420 M Viet Nam MBV, WSD,YHD US$ 100 M 1994 Thailand YHD,WSD US$ 650 M IndiaWSD US$ 17.5 M 1998 Australia Shrimp diseases US$ 32.5 M 1999 EcuadorWSD US$ M 1999 PanamaWSD US$ 40 M Global Estimate: US$ Billion YHD – Yellowhead Disease; MBV – Monodon Baculovirus; WSD – White Spot Disease

Impacts of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) shrimp (bacterial aetiology) Viet Nam hectares of shrimp farming areas ( ) affected main shrimp producing provinces of VN Malaysia: USD 0.1 B (2011) Global Aquaculture Alliance estimate: USD 1 B Private sector: drop in profit between 50-70% Trade: suspension or ban of importation of live shrimp or all forms of shrimp products from countries with EMS