AMA Anatomy & Physiology/Medical Terminology/Pathology 1 Introduction

3 objectives to keep in mind as you study: Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining form Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining form Relate medical terms to structure and function of human body Relate medical terms to structure and function of human body Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems (see the handouts on the website) Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems (see the handouts on the website)

Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining form Root: foundation of the word Suffix: word ending Combining vowel: usually “o” links the two Example: cardi/o/logy root/combining vowel/suffix root/combining vowel/suffix heart/combining vowel/study of heart/combining vowel/study of meaning: study of the heart meaning: study of the heart

Structural organization of the body Cells: smallest living fundamental unit Examples of some cells in the body: Muscle cells: contract Muscle cells: contract Nerve: conduct electrical impulses Nerve: conduct electrical impulses Epithelial: skin and lining Epithelial: skin and lining Fat cell: contain empty spaces to store fat Fat cell: contain empty spaces to store fat

Cells: smallest living fundamental unit cell membrane: surrounds, protects and regulates what goes in and out cell membrane: surrounds, protects and regulates what goes in and out nucleus: controls the operations of the cells and determines function nucleus: controls the operations of the cells and determines function chromosomes: 23 pairs in all human body cells except sperm and egg which contain half so that when reproduction occurs they combine; contain genes that contain DNA that regulate activity by their sequence which is like a code that tells the cell what to do chromosomes: 23 pairs in all human body cells except sperm and egg which contain half so that when reproduction occurs they combine; contain genes that contain DNA that regulate activity by their sequence which is like a code that tells the cell what to do

Cells: smallest living fundamental unit Cytoplasm: between nucleus and cell membrane does the work of the cell Cytoplasm: between nucleus and cell membrane does the work of the cell Mitochondria: found inside the cytoplasm are the power plants; they create oxygen by burning food Mitochondria: found inside the cytoplasm are the power plants; they create oxygen by burning food Endoplasmic reticulum: also found inside the cytoplasm are like cellular tunnels in which proteins are manufactured Endoplasmic reticulum: also found inside the cytoplasm are like cellular tunnels in which proteins are manufactured

Cell Chemical Reactions Catabolism: chemical reaction that breaks down complex foods to release energy Catabolism: chemical reaction that breaks down complex foods to release energy Anabolism: process of building up complex materials (amino acids) to make larger proteins Anabolism: process of building up complex materials (amino acids) to make larger proteins Metabolism: both processes together; the total chemical process going on Metabolism: both processes together; the total chemical process going on

Tissues: groups of similar cells working together to do a specific job For example: Muscle tissue contracts Muscle tissue contracts Epithelial tissue forms linings and covers i.e. skin Epithelial tissue forms linings and covers i.e. skin Connective tissue do just that: fat, cartilage, bone and blood Connective tissue do just that: fat, cartilage, bone and blood Nerve tissues conduct impulses all over the body Nerve tissues conduct impulses all over the body

Organs: structures composed of several types of tissue o An organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. o Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. o For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nervous, blood, connective etc.

Systems: groups of organs working together to perform complex functions There are 9 body systems: Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous, Circulatory, Musculoskeletal, Skin & Sense organs A group of related organs is an organ system. Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine. A group of related organs is an organ system. Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine.

Body Cavity: space within the body that contains internal organs The human body consists of the following cavities: The human body consists of the following cavities: dorsal body cavity dorsal body cavity cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the brain, eyes, and ears. cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the brain, eyes, and ears. spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. ventral body cavity ventral body cavity thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart. thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart. abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system. abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system.

Things to study further….. Study the regions, quadrants, planes, divisions of the spinal column and positional and directional terms Study the regions, quadrants, planes, divisions of the spinal column and positional and directional terms Study the prefixes and suffixes in chapters 3 and 4…practice, use cards, CD, and repetition… this will carry you throughout the entire text. Study the prefixes and suffixes in chapters 3 and 4…practice, use cards, CD, and repetition… this will carry you throughout the entire text.