I NTEGRATING QUOTATIONS Tips on how to integrate textual support smoothly into your own writing AP English Language and Composition 1

W HAT WORKS ? AP English Language and Composition 2 INEFFECTIVE Rodriguez writes, “My parents, who are no longer my parents in a cultural sense.” He expresses the alienation from his family that has resulted from his assimilation into English-speaking American culture. EFFECTIVE Rodriguez describes his parents as “no longer [his] parents in a cultural sense” to express the alienation from his family that has resulted from his assimilation into English-speaking American culture.

W HAT W ORKS ? 2 AP English Language and Composition: 3 INEFFECTIVE Crevecoeur argues that poor Europeans have no real attachment to their homelands. “Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury; can that man call England or any other kingdom his country?” EFFECTIVE Crevecoeur criticizes the lack of social mobility in Europe using a biting rhetorical question: “Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury; can that man call England or any other kingdom his country?”

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : #1 = I NCORPORATE Incorporate the quotation into your sentence, punctuating it as you would if it were not a quotation. Mukherjee argues in favor of an acculturation model “that differs from both the enforced assimilation of a ‘melting pot’ and the Canadian model of a multicultural ‘mosaic’”(4). 4 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : #1 = I NCORPORATE 2 If you must change an element within the quote to make it work grammatically, use brackets to indicate the change. Rodriguez describes his parents as “no longer [his] parents in a cultural sense” to express the alienation from his family that has resulted from his assimilation into English-speaking American culture. 5 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : #2 = ATTRIBUTE Introduce a full-sentence quotation by using an attributive speech tag like “he writes,” “she claims,” and so on. Jacob Needleman claims, “A dream is a vision or truth, of what can be and ought to be, and a dream is a deception.” Elaine Pagels asks, “Whom do we include in the ‘American Dream’?” 6 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : A CAUTIONARY NOTE Do NOT use an attributive speech tag like “he writes,” “she claims,” “she argues,” “he asserts,” etc. to introduce a quote that is NOT a complete sentence. INCORRECT: Rodriguez writes, “My parents, who are no longer my parents in a cultural sense.” ALSO INEFFECTIVE: Rodriguez writes, “My parents, who are no longer my parents in a cultural sense” in order to express the loss of family intimacy. 7 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : CAUTIONARY NOTE 2 What’s the problem with following a speech tag with a non-sentence quote? Speech verbs like say, assert, exclaim, ask, etc. take a full-sentence complement. They “expect” a full sentence to follow them. 8 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : CAUTIONARY NOTE 3 Notice how ungrammatical and unfinished the following “sentences” sound: Mukherjee says. The girl said, “The grumpy man, who lives next door.” 9 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : #3 = U SE A SENTENCE. Use a full sentence of your own to introduce a full sentence by the quoted author. You must use a colon to introduce the quotation in this case. Jacob Needleman says it best: “A dream is a vision or truth, of what can be and ought to be, and a dream is a deception.” 10 AP English Language and Composition:

O PTIONS FOR I NTEGRATING Q UOTATIONS : C OLON OR COMMA ? Jacob Needleman says it best: “A dream is a vision or truth, of what can be and ought to be, and a dream is a deception.” Underlined portion = a complete sentence; introduce quote with colon Jacob Needleman says, “A dream is a vision or truth, of what can be and ought to be, and a dream is a deception.” Underlined portion = a fragment; introduce quote with comma 11 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : T HE B ASICS Capitalize the first letter of any complete sentence you quote unless you introduce it with “that.” In describing the New World, de Crevecoeur claimed, “The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe” (1). de Crevecoeur claimed that the “rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe” (1). de Crevecoeur claimed that “[t]he rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe” (1). 12 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : T HE B ASICS, 2 If the quotation is broken into two parts, do not capitalize the first letter of the second part. “Our team is bound to win," said Coach Glass, "because our students are excellent Ultimate Frisbee players." 13 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : C OMMAS AND P ERIODS Commas and periods go within closing quotation marks, EXCEPT when a parenthetical reference follows the quotation. Jacob Needleman said, “A dream is a vision or truth, of what can be and ought to be, and a dream is a deception.” In her essay, Dr. Linguist notes, "The gestures used for greeting others differ greatly from one culture to another” (3). 14 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : C OLONS AND S EMI - C OLONS When colons and semi-colons are not part of the quotation, put them outside of the closing quotation marks. At the English Department meeting, Ms. Balzer voiced her opinion on the rules for integrating quotations: “They’re not intuitive, but they are very important"; several other teachers agreed. 15 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : Q UESTION M ARKS, E XCLAMATION P OINTS, AND D ASHES If a question mark, exclamation point, or dash is part of the original quotation, place it within the closing quotation mark. Elaine Pagels asks, “Whom do we include in the ‘American Dream’ ?” (5). 16 AP English Language and Composition:

P UNCTUATION R ULES : Q UESTION M ARKS, E XCLAMATION P OINTS, AND D ASHES If a question mark, exclamation point, or dash is part of your sentence that includes the quotation, place it outside of the closing quotation mark. Do other columnists agree with David Brooks’ claim that “maximum status goes to the Gladwellian heroes who occupy the convergence points of the Internet ecosystem” (2)? 17 AP English Language and Composition:

B LOCK Q UOTES : 4+ L INES Use block quotes sparingly, if at all. The more your quote, the more you must explain! If you really must use a block quote, remember these guidelines… 18 AP English Language and Composition: Glass

B LOCK Q UOTES : U SAGE R ULES Begin quote as a new line of text. Indent 1” from left margin. No quotation marks Parenthetical citation goes outside final punctuation within quote. 19 AP English Language and Composition: Glass

B LOCK Q UOTES : E XAMPLE In his poem “The Problem," Ralph Waldo Emerson explores the inner philosophical struggle of a religious yet unorthodox man: I like a church;I like a cowl; I love a prophet of the soul; And on my heart monastic aisles Fall like sweet strains, or pensive smiles: Yet not for all his faith can see Would I that cowlëd churchman be. (1-7) 20 AP English Language and Composition: Glass

I NTEGRATING QUOTATIONS : FIN ! Time to practice… AP English Language and Composition 21