ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues

The cell is the building block of all human things Smallest unit capable of life by itself

Cell Made of primarily 4 elements C arbon H ydrogen O xygen N itrogen Includes many other elements important for functions

Cells Cells are about 60% water and are bathed in interstitial fluid

In general all cells have 3 main parts The generalized cell is used to describe typical cell features. In general all cells have 3 main parts

Cells 3 main parts: Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane

Nucleus The Control Center Genes located here Genes contain coded information that tells how protein molecules will be made.

Nucleus DNA has the instructions for building the body

Nucleus Has 3 structures: Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Selective and permeable Site where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin. When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes

Nucleus Chromatin When the cell is dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.

Plasma Membrane Has 2 layers of lipids with 1 layer of protein. The two fats are phospholipids and cholesterol. Some of the proteins are enzymes Enzymes are special proteins

Plasma Membrane Microvilli – tiny hair like projections that increase the surface area for absorption to occur more quickly

Cytoplasm Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. Contains organelles: the “machinary” of the cell.

Organelles Means “little organs” We will look at 9 organelles

Organelles: Ribosomes Tiny round dark bodies Made of protein and RNA Site for protein synthesis Some float free in cytoplasm,others attach to the cell membrane

Organelles: Ribosomes

Rough ER Smooth ER Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum Fluid filled canals twisting through the cytoplasm Network of channels to carry substances through the cell Rough ER Smooth ER

Rough ER Smooth ER Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with ribosomes. Forms building material for cellular membranes Does not synthesis protein. Does synthesis and breakdown cholesterol, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs

Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum 11. Smooth ER 3. Smooth ER 8. Rough ER

Organelles: Golgi Apparatus Stack of flattened membraneous sacs. A “traffic director” for proteins Modifies and packages proteins.

Organelles: Golgi Apparatus

Organelles: LYSOSOMES Membaneous bags containing powerful digestive enzymes Digest worn out or non usuable cell structures and foreign bodies Especially abundant in WBC Contains enzymes

Organelles: LYSOSOMES

Organelles: Peroxisomes Membaneous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful or poisonous substances Disarms dangerous free radicals Accumulated free radicals can cause Cancer Especially abundant in liver and kidney cells

Organelles: Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Sausage shaped but can change shape continuously Contain shelf like projections called Cristae Contain enzymes used to break down food As food is broken down, energy is released Released as heat or used to form ATP Abundant in liver and muscle cells

Organelles: Mitochondria

Organelles: Cytoskeleton Network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm Acts a cells bones and muscles Includes : Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubules Gives cell shape and support

Organelles: Cytoskeleton

Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus Organelles: Centrioles Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus Important during cell division

Organelles: Centrioles

Organelles: Cilia and Flagella Projections to move substances along Flagella are projections that are much longer then cilia. Found in sperm cells and are used to propel the cell itself.

Organelles: Centrioles 5. Microvilli

7. nucleus 6. nucleolus

Passive Transport Diffusion Filtration No energy required from cell.

Passive Transport Diffusion: Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration. Kinetic energy (energy of motion)

Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Passive Transport Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to hold water or pull water into it. Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

Passive Transport Hypertonic Cell will shrink. Solution has more solutes then inside cell. More water inside cell then outside cell so water leaves cell and goes into solution. Cell shrinks.

Passive Transport Isotonic Cell will stay the same Same solute and water concentration as cell. Cell stays the same.

Passive Transport Hypotonic Cell will swell Solution has fewer solutes. Water rushes into cell. Cell swells.

Salt Sucks Passive Transport Remember: Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

Passive Transport Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

Still Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration. Passive Transport Still Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration. Filtration: Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. In the body the blood exerts hydrostatic pressure

Active Transport The cell uses some of its ATP to move substances across the cell membrane Solute Pumping Bulk Transport

Active Transport Solute Pumping Or active transport. Uses ATP to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration The cell keeps the intracellular solute concentration low by pumping out ions

Active Transport 2. Bulk Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Also uses ATP to go from a low concentration to a high concenration but is used when the substance cannot move across the plasma (cell) membrane Exocytosis Endocytosis

Active Transport Exocytosis Moves substances out of the cell. Waste material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and spills out of the cell

Active Transport Endocytosis Moves substances into the cell. Material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and moves into the cell

Active Transport Cell eating (large particles) Cell drinking When large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells are engulfed it is called: Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Cell eating (large particles) Cell drinking

Cell Division Occurs to produce more cells for growth or repair Mitosis Results in the formation of 2 daughter cells with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus

Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis 46 23 23 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46

Cell Division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Page 69

Cell Division Prophase Chromosomes appear DNA replication has already occurred. Each chromosome is actually made of 2 strands

Cell Division Metaphase Chromosomes cluster and become aligned @center of the spindle

Cell Division Anaphase Chromosomes begin to move apart to opposite ends of the cell. Cells begin to split

Cell Division Telophase Prophase in reverse. Chromosomes become chromatin again. Cells have completely split

4 major type of tissues Body Tissues Groups of cells with a similar function form tissues

4 major type of tissues Body Tissues Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle

Body Tissues Protects Epithelium Lining, covering and glandular tissues of the body Protects Skin protects against bacteria Lining of respiratory tract sweeps debris away

Body Tissues - Epithelium Absorb Filter Secrete Lines digestive organs and intestines to absorb food In kidneys Glands. Secrete perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, mucous

Body Tissues - Epithelium Generates easily. Does not have their own blood supply. Simple and Stratified Squamous Cubodial Columnar Glandular

Body Tissues - Epithelium Squamous 1. Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, esophagus, mouth, outer part of skin 13.

Body Tissues - Epithelium Cubodial 5. Glands and ducts, salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidneys 9.

Body Tissues - Epithelium Columnar 11. Digestive tract: mouth to anus, mucous membranes 15.

Body Tissues - Epithelium Glandular Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into blood. Exocrine glands: sweat and oil

Body Tissues Connective Connects body parts Most abundant of all tissue types Most have their own blood supply The exception is tendons and ligaments Protect, support and bind together other body tissues

Body Tissues Connective Bone Cartilage Dense Loose Blood hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage Dense Loose Areolar & Adipose Blood

Body Tissues - Connective Bone 14. Osseous tissue Protects and supports

Body Tissues - Connective Cartilage More flexible then bone 3.

Body Tissues - Connective Cartilage – 3 types hyaline elastic fibrocartilage Most wide spread. Larynx, ribs to breastbone, ends of bones ears Disc btw vertebrae

Body Tissues - Connective Dense Form strong rope like structures like: tendons ligaments Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone Connects bone to bone

Body Tissues - Connective Dense 10.

Body Tissues - Connective Loose Softer 2 types: Aerolar Adipose

Body Tissues - Connective Loose 17. Softer Aerolar Cushions and protects. Acts as a glue to hold internal organs in place

Body Tissues - Connective Loose 8. Softer Adipose Also called FAT. Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin Insulates and protects Stores fat for fuel when needed

Body Tissues - Connective Blood Vascular tissue 4.

Contracts or shortens to produce movement Body Tissues Muscle Contracts or shortens to produce movement Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Body Tissues - Muscle Skeletal 2. Attached to the skeleton Voluntary Striated 2. You control movements Stripes for strength

Body Tissues - Muscle Cardiac 16. Found only in the heart Involuntary Striated 16. not controlled by you Stripes for strength

Body Tissues - Muscle Smooth 18. Involuntary nonstriated Or visceral muscle tissue Involuntary nonstriated 18. not controlled by you No stripes, extra strength not needed

Body Tissues 12. Nervous 7 Made of cells called neurons Has the characteristic of: Irritability conductivity 7 senses stimuli Reacts to stimuli

Tissue Repair Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Tissue Repair Fibrosis - repair with dense connective tissue

Tissue Repair Epithelial tissue, fibrous connective and bone usually repairs well.

Tissue Repair Skeletal muscle repair poorly Cardiac and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord are replaced only by scar tissue

Tissue Repair Neoplasm Abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Can be benign or malignant

Tissue Repair hyperplasia Enlarged because of an irritant or stimulus. benign

atrophy Tissue Repair Without development Decrease in size. Occurs when decrease in stimulus. Muscles with no stimulus atrophy

Meiosis

Mitosis

Review The smallest unit capable of life by itself is the _______________? cell

protein and lipids Review What two substances are found in the plasma membrane? protein and lipids

those specializing in absorption Review Which types of cells are most likely to have microvilli? those specializing in absorption

Review Which two organelles consume lots of oxygen? Perioxisomes and mitochondria

Review What is the coded information that dictates the structure of a protein molecule? gene

Review Groups of cells make? tissues

Review Groups of tissues make? organs

Review Groups of tissues make? organs

Review organelles Powerhouse of the cell? mitochondria Synthesizes steroid hormones? Smooth ER

Review organelles Site of ribosome synthesis? nucleolus Assembles and packages materials to be secreted from the cell? Golgi apparatus

Review tissues Smooth cardiac and skeletal? muscle Lines body cavities, covers surfaces? epithelium

Review tissues Cartilage, adipose, areolar? connective Cubodial, columnar, squamous? epithelium

Review tissues Another name for adipose tissue? fat Which tissue is UNABLE to repair after injury? Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord

Review A RBC in a hypertonic solution? Will shrink A RBC in a hypotonic solution? swells