Slide 1 Figure 12-2 Page 225 Passenger pigeon Great aukDodo Dusky seaside sparrow Aepyornis (Madagascar)

Slide 2 Figure 12-3a Page 226 Grizzly bear (threatened) Arabian oryx (Middle East) White top pitcher plant Kirtland's warbler African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia)

Slide 3 Figure 12-3b Page 226 West Virginia spring salamander Giant panda (China) Knowlton cactus Mountain gorilla (Africa) Swamp pink Pine barrens tree frog (male) Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Whooping crane Blue whale

Slide 4 Figure 12-3c Page 227 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Devil's hole pupfish Snow leopard (Central Asia) Black-footed ferret Symphonia (Madagascar) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Ghost bat (Australia) California condor Black lace cactus Black rhinoceros (Africa) Oahu tree snail

Slide 5 CharacteristicExamples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Specialized niche Narrow distribution Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Rare Commercially valuable Large territories Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Many island species, African violet, some orchids Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Figure 12-4 Page 228

Slide 6 Fish Figure 12-5 Page 228 Mammals Reptiles Plants Birds 34% (51% of freshwater species) 24% 20% 14% 12%

Slide 7 Habitat loss Habitat degradation and fragmentation Introducing nonnative species Overfishing Climate change Predator and pest control Pollution Commercial hunting and poaching Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Population growth Rising resource use No environmental accounting Poverty Secondary Causes Basic Causes Figure 12-6 Page 231

Slide 8 Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) Figure 12-7a Page 232

Slide 9 Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today (about 2,400 left) Figure 12-7b Page 232

Slide 10 African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today (300,000 left) Figure 12-7c Page 232

Slide 11 Figure 12-7d Page 232 Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today (34,000–54,000 left)

Slide 12 Figure 12-8 Page 233 Florida scrub jay Sprague’s pipitBichnell’s thrushBlacked-capped vireoGolden-cheeked warbler Cerulean warbler California gnatcatcherKirtland’s warblerHenslow’s sparrowBachman’s warbler

Slide 13 Click to view animation. Animation Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.

Slide 14 Figure 12-9a Page 235 Purple looselifeEuropean starlingAfrican honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toadWater hyacinthJapanese beetleHydrillaEuropean wild boar (Feral pig) Deliberately introduced Species

Slide 15 Figure 12-9b Page 235 Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire antEurasian muffleBrown tree snakeCommon pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termiteZebra musselAsian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquitoGypsy moth larvae Accidentally introduced Species

Slide 16 Figure Page 236

Slide Figure Page 236

Slide 18 Characteristics of Successful Invader Species High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) Pioneer species Long lived High dispersal rate Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil Generalists High genetic variability Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species Similar climate to habitat of invader Absence of predators on invading species Early successional systems Low diversity of native species Absence of fire Disturbed by human activities Figure Page 238

Slide 19 Concentration of rare species LowModerateHigh Top Six Hot Spots 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Figure Page 242

Slide 20 North American-South American flyways European-African flyways Asian flyways Figure Page 246

Slide 21 What Can You Do? Protecting Species Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species. Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics. Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild. Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild. Figure Page 249

Slide 22 Click to view animation. Animation Humans affect biodiversity interaction.

Slide 23 Click to view animation. Animation Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.