CH 6 Federalist and Democratic-Republicans Pg 210

Land Acquisitions of the U.S. Things you must label, color, and date the year of… Original 13 colonies Land after the revolutionary war Louisiana Purchase Florida purchase from Spain Texas Annexation Mexican Secession Red River Basin (Web/Ashburton Treaty) Oregon Country Hawaii Annexation Gadsden Purchase Alaska Purchase Natural boundaries to label Ohio River Mississippi River Appalachian Mountains Rocky Mountains Use the map at the front of class and on Pgs RA.. of your book

April 6, 1789, George Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States of America

To which he referred… “This is the event I have long dreaded” and his feelings were… “Not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution”

Section 1 Washington and Congress In 1789 Congress created four departments essentially creating the first presidential cabinet State Treasury War Office of Attorney General

The Great Battle Begins Thomas Jefferson -Secretary of the State – wanted a weak gov. the pushed for agriculture Alexander Hamilton - head of the Treasury Department – wanted a strong industrialized state

General Henry Knox - Secretary of War Edmund Randolph - Attorney General

The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Supreme Court

John Jay became the first chief justice of the supreme court, 1789-1795 In 1791 the first 10 amendments, bill of rights, was added to the constitution

Financing the Government James Madison and Alexander Hamilton came up with two different plans to fix the financial problems that were faced under the Articles of Confederation

Madison’s Plan to raise money felt the government should tax imports to protect the private business Tariff of 1789 –paid 5% on imports This angered Southern Farmers because they would be charged higher rates to ship rice & tobacco & higher prices on imported goods!

Hamilton’s Plan to raise money wanted the federal government to assume state debts from the revolution Wanted Federal government assume all Cont. Congress’ debt at full value including BONDS Supported Madison’s Tariff of 1789 (raise $) wanted to sell government bonds for borrowing money This also didn’t help Southerners especially angered those in Virginia (sold their bonds for cheap already)

Hamilton’s Thoughts on DEBT “A national debt, if not excessive, will be to us a national blessing; it will be a powerful cement of our new union. It will also create a necessity for keeping up taxation…which without being oppressive, will be a spur to industry.” -Alexander Hamilton

Madison & Jefferson Opposed Hamilton’s Plan! Compromise: As a compromise to Southerners, the new capitol would be placed in the South called the District of Columbia The original capital was in ?

National Bank Hamilton also asked for a National Bank To organize the Nation’s deposits & money Taxes and Tariff Revenue To give loans to the government and individuals To issue paper money Encourage trade Stimulate economic growth Raise money by selling Stock in the Bank!

Southerner’s Opposed! Northern Merchants would own most stock Jefferson & Madison felt the bank was not within the Congress’ enumerated powers – specifically listed in the constitution (Strict Constructionist) Hamilton argued it was an implied power – from article 1 sec 8 clause 18 (Elastic or Necessary and Proper Clause) (Loose Constructionist)

Loose vs. Strict Constructionists This began the argument about the interpretation of the Constitution between Loose Construction – “implied meaning” interpretation Strict Construction – “word for word” interpretation

1791 Bank of the United States AKA: The BUS Washington signed the bill and the BUS was created for a 20 year period of time.

Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Tax in Penn. In 1791 Western farmers rebelled “Revolutions spawn Revolutions” Hamilton demanded a show of force Washington sent 15,000 troops to stop it and send a message that the rebellions were over. Jefferson concerned: “Using an anvil to squash a gnat”

Rise of Political Parties Factions: groups within a unit that disagree The disagreement over the financial program had caused the split in Congress and would lead to develop the 1st system of political parties in the United States. Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

2 Political Parties Federalists: Leader: Alexander Hamilton Strong national government Democracy is dangerous “the people are turbulent and changing and seldom determine right” -Hamiliton Government in the hands of the rich, well-born, and able. “Elitist” The American economy would be based on industry and trade Artisans, merchants, manufacturers, & bankers

2 Political Parties…cont. Democratic Republicans: Leader: Thomas Jefferson & James Madison Weaker central government/power to States Nation of independent farmers (Agrarian Society) Landowners should control the government Federalists policies favored the North only Supporters: Rural South and West (farmers)

Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Nat. government supreme/State government supreme Ruling power: Wealth, educated / All landowners Gov. should: Promote Manufacturing/Agriculture Loose Constructionists/Strict Constructionists Protective Tariffs: Aid Industry/Hurt Farmers

Section 2 Partisan Politics The French Revolution began shortly after Washington took office in 1789

Federalist opposed it for its violence and loyalty to the French monarchy Dem-Rep supported it because of its fight for liberty Washington stayed neutral

1793 France declared war on Britain. Washington said the U. S 1793 France declared war on Britain. Washington said the U.S. would stay neutral Britain started seizing American ships to stop trade with France and so John Jay was sent to find a solution

Jay’s Treaty Gave Britain the right to seize American cargo headed for France Britain gave the U.S. most-favored nation status, meaning American merchants would be safe if they traded with Britain.

Pinckney’s Treaty Thomas Pinckney negotiated a treaty with Spain in 1795 It gave the U.S. rights to navigate the Mississippi River and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans.

Westward Expansion In 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state Four years later Tennessee became the 16th

expanding west from Pennsylvania and farther north was limited by problems with Native Americans

Washington Leaves Office Washington left office after 2 terms and being irritated by party politics and attacks on his character In his farewell address he warned against Sectionalism- dividing the country in regions Political parties Being too attached with any foreign nation

Election of 1796 1796 was the country’s first openly contested election Federalist – John Adams VS Dem-Rep – Thomas Jefferson John Adams won the election 71 to 68

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union) John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 71 51.4% Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 68 49.3% Thomas Pinckney South Carolina 59 42.8% Aaron Burr New York 30 21.7% Samuel Adams 15 10.9% Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut 11 8.0% George Clinton 7 5.1% Other - Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1796 Election Results - Adams Jefferson

Quasi-War with France The French were angry with Jay’s Treaty and seized American ships going to Great Britain Adams sent negotiators French demanded bribes in what became known as the XYZ affair

Congress suspended trade with France and told the navy to capture French ships Negotiations were reopened with the Convention of 1800 and the Quasi-War ended

War between the Parties Criticism against Adams began to grow and he overreacted to the problem Federalist pushed 4 laws through Congress known as the Alien and Sedition Acts

The first 3 said aliens in the country could not be citizens for 14 years, most of whom voted most often for the Republicans The last prevented sedition, or incitement to rebellion and speaking out against government

The Republican legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts Written secretly by Jefferson and Madison they said states created the Constitution and so had the power to say if a law was unconstitutional

Interposition Virginia’s resolution said that states could interpose between the federal government and people and stop illegal action against the people

Nullification Kentucky’s resolution said that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states had a right to nullify the law or declare it invalid

Election of 1800 Showed a flaw in the system Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each got the same number of electoral votes Goes to House of Reps to break tie…

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 73 52.9% Aaron Burr New York John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1% Charles Pinckney South Carolina 64 46.4% John Jay 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1800 Election Results Burr Jefferson

According to the constitution the House of Representatives (which is mostly federalist) votes for president in the case of a tie

With Hamilton’s help the house tied and no one knew what to do. Jefferson promised not to dismantle Hamilton’s financial system and later won the vote

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)  1 vote for each State  Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% Aaron Burr New York 4 25.0% Blank ------- 2 12.5%

Sec 3 Jefferson in Office Jefferson referred to the election of 1800 as a “second revolution” The “Revolution of 1800” Jefferson tried to integrate Republican ideas into Hamilton’s policies He paid off the federal debt, cut government spending, and ended the whiskey tax

Rise of Supreme Court Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judges Adams appointed these judges just before he left office and it became a huge scandal known as the “Midnight Judges”

Jefferson didn’t like the Federalist controlled courts and repealed the act Marbury was furious! Wanted to be a federal judge…huge Federalist.

Marbury v. Madison Justice Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for trying to block his appointment John Adams, just after taking office, had chosen John Marshall (Federalist!)to follow John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Marbury v. Madison Marshall served for 34 years and he was the justice who heard the case and ruled in favor of? His ruling established Judicial Review – the power to decide if laws (Judiciary Act of 1801) passed by Congress were constitutional Marshall will shape the Supreme Ct. and add power to the Judicial Branch

Expanding West: LA Purchase 1803 In 1800 Napoleon convinced Spain to give Louisiana back to France in exchange for helping take control of part of Italy By 1803 Napoleon was trying to conquer Europe

Short on funds, Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory as well as New Orleans to the U.S.

The U.S. purchased Louisiana for $15 million doubled the size of the United States Helped Jefferson with an “agrarian society” Also was considered very defensive foreign policy due to the fact it removed a European power from our border.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent to survey the new land, they were aided along the way by Sacagawea

Essex Junto convinced VP Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York in 1804 secretly hoping to succeed from the union Alexander Hamilton called Burr a “dangerous man” Burr challenged him to a duel, shot and killed him on July 11th 1804

Rising Diplomatic Tensions As the war between Great Britain and France progressed the treaties with both began to fail. The British attacked the American war ship the Chesapeake in 1807and enraged Americans

Also the British began to capture American sailors and force them to fight in the British navy – Impressment

Jefferson asked for the Embargo Act of 1807 – halting all trade with Europe and hoping to secure our safety (defensive) and stop conflict with England or France! However, it hurt the U.S. economy more than Great Britain's (New England: MAD!)

Essex Junto In New England, businessmen felt with the addition of the Louisiana purchase, the South and West would gain states that would take away their advantages in Congress So they began to fight for secession

There were also many Americans at the time who wished to capture Canada from the British

Election of 1808 After Jefferson chose not to run for a 3rd term, the Republican party nominated James Madison The Federalists nominated Charles Pinckney

The War Hawks A group of Republican Congressmen from the South and West Wanted war against Britain Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky

Essay Question Jefferson believed his election to U.S. president to be “a second American revolution”. Analyze the validity of this statement within the time period of 1789-1812.