Chapter 10 Planning Children and Contraception Key Terms

Pronatalism –An attitude that promotes child bearing. Antinatalism –An attitude against children.

Infertility –The inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least one year of regular sexual relations without birth control, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

Fertilization (conception) –The fusion of the egg and sperm. Pregnancy –Begins five to seven days after conception, when the fertilized egg is implanted.

Transracial adoption –The practice of adopting children of a race different from that of the parents. Foster parent –A person who takes care of and fosters a child taken into protective custody.

Jadelle® and Implanon® –Rod-shaped silicone implants inserted under the skin in the upper inner arm and provide time-release progestin into a woman’s system for contraception. Depo-Provera® –A synthetic compound similar to progesterone injected into the woman’s arm or buttock that protects against pregnancy for three months by preventing ovulation.

NuvaRing® –A soft, flexible, and transparent ring approximately two inches in diameter that is worn inside the vagina, provides month- long pregnancy protection. Ortho Evra® –A contraceptive transdermal patch that delivers hormones to a woman’s body through skin absorption.

Female condom –Resembles the male condom except that it fits in the woman’s vagina to protect her from pregnancy, HIV infection, and other STDs. Spermicide –A chemical that kills sperm.

Contraceptive Sponge –A disk-shaped polyurethane device containing the spermicide nonoxynol-9. It is dampened with water to activate the spermicide and inserted into the vagina before intercourse. The effectiveness rate is 72–86%.

Intrauterine device (IUD) –A structural device that prevents implantation. Diaphragm –A shallow rubber dome attached to a flexible, circular steel spring.

Cervical cap –A thimble-shaped contraceptive device made of rubber or polyethylene that fits tightly over the cervix and is held in place by suction. Periodic abstinence –Also referred to as the rhythm method and natural family planning, involves refraining from sexual intercourse during the time each month when the woman is fertile.

Coitus interruptus (withdrawal) –The practice whereby the man withdraws his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates. Emergency contraception –Various types of morning-after pills that are used primarily in three circumstances: when a woman has unprotected intercourse, when a contraceptive method fails, or when a woman is raped.

Mifepristone –Also known as RU-486, is a synthetic steroid that effectively inhibits implantation of a fertilized egg by making the endometrium unsuitable for implantation. Sterilization –A permanent surgical procedure that prevents reproduction.

Oophorectomy –Female sterilization via removal of the ovaries. Hysterectomy –Female sterilization via removal of the uterus.

Laparoscopy –A method of tubal ligation. Vasectomy –The most frequent form of male sterilization.

Induced abortion –Deliberate termination of a pregnancy through chemical or surgical means. Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) –Unintended termination of a pregnancy. Therapeutic abortion –Abortions performed to protect the life or health of the woman are called therapeutic abortions.

Abortion rate –The number of abortions per thousand women aged 15– 44. Abortion ratio –The number of abortions per thousand live births.