 2-1. Sample Types & Considering Factors for Collection  Sample Types:  According to the physical conditions ; solid, liquid, or gas samples  According to the representativeness; bulk, partial, or mixed samples  According to the conventional names; Rock, soil, stream water, groundwater, coal, plant, food etc.  Considering Factors:  The essential requisite for the sample is the representativeness of the object of sampling.  Then, consider 1)Purpose of sampling 2)Budget for the analysis 3)Characteristics (Types) of the samples

 2-2. Collection & Pretreatment of Water Samples  Water samples?:  Surface water (Streams, lakes, springs, etc.)  Groundwater  Meteoric water (rain, snow, fog, etc)  Others  Considering factors of water sampling;  Variable properties responding to a number of surrounding conditions such as T, P, time, biota, geology, etc.  Should consider 1)Water type 2)Parameters measured in the field 3)Required pretreatment 4)Geological & Hydrological conditions 5)Temporal & spatial variation 6)Others

 Methods:  Scooping  Grab sampling  Bailor / Bomb  Pumping

 Pretreatments:  Filtration; Removal of SS & (microbes), with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.45  m pore membrane  Acidification; Prohibiting pptn of the DS, with HNO3  Sterilization; Killing all the microbes, with HgCl2  Refrigeration; Supress microbial activity at 4C

 3-3. Soil Sample Collection & Preparation  General Considering Factors ▪ Soil types ▪ Soil profiles ▪ Parents & local geology ▪ Plantation ▪ Land uses ▪ Others  Collection Methods ▪ Shovels ▪ Soil core sampler ▪ Auger ▪ Soil moisture sampler ▪ Customized personalized devices

 Sampling Design ▪ Grid ▪ Barbell cluster ▪ Nested Cell ▪ Stratified vs. unstratified  Treatment of Soil Samples ▪ Drying ▪ Sieving ▪ Removal of organics ▪ Grinding Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS

 3-4. Sediment Sample Collection & Preparation  General Considering Factors ▪ Spatial (horizontal) variation ▪ Vertical (depth) variation ▪ Size distribution ▪ Temporal variation ▪ Sedimentation mechanism (sedimentation media) ▪ Disturbance by sampling ▪ Parental rock  Collection Methods ▪ Grab ▪ Core sampler ▪ Customized personalized devices Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS

 Sampling Design ▪ Mostly depends on the distribution of the sediments  Treatment of Soil Samples ▪ Very similar to the soil sample treatment ▪ Size fractionation Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS

 3-5. Rock Sample Collection & Preparation  General Considering Factors ▪ Rock types ▪ Weathering ▪ Grain size: generally sample size should be 60 times larger than the grain size ex) <1/16cm  3*4*1 cm ▪ Structure & texture ▪ Others  Collection Methods ▪ Hammer ▪ Core sampler ▪ Chiesle Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS