Contraception

Historical and Social Perspectives Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history U.S. contraceptive efforts –1800s Comstock laws –1915: Margaret Sanger –U.S. Supreme Court rulings Griswold vs. Connecticut Eisenstadt vs. Baird

Contemporary Issues on Contraception Planning for wanted children Physical health of mother Insurance coverage of contraceptives Population growth Cultural gender-role expectations Wide diversity of views among cultures and religious groups

Average Number of Children

Sharing Responsibility for Contraception Ask about birth control before intercourse Read and discuss options together Attend a class or clinic together Share expenses

Choosing a Birth Control Method Consider effectiveness and cost Consider ease of use and side effects Characteristics of ineffective use

Choosing a Birth Control Method

Hormone-Based Contraceptives: 4 Basic Types of The Pills Combination pill Triphasic pill Constant dose Progestin-only pill

Other Hormone-Based Contraceptives Vaginal ring Transdermal patch Injected contraceptives

Barrier Methods Condom –Sheath fits over erect penis

Barrier Methods: The Female Condom

Vaginal Spermicides Can be purchased in pharmacies without a prescription Types –foam, sponge, suppositories, creams, film

Cervical Barrier Devices Diaphragm Cervical cap Fem Cap Lea’s Shield

Cervical Barrier Devices Diaphragm Cervical cap Fem Cap Lea’s Shield

Intrauterine Devices Affect sperm motility & viability Thicken cervical mucous Alter endometrial lining Impair tubal motility

Intrauterine Devices

Emergency Contraception Hormonal: –Birth control pills taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse Copper-T: –Inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex Access Issues

Emergency Contraception

Fertility Awareness Methods Standard days method Mucus method Calendar method Basal body-temperature

Basal Body Temperature

Female Sterilization

Male Sterilization: Vasectomy

Nursing: A Less than Effective Method of Birth Control Amenorrhea is common for a brief period after birth while breastfeeding 80% ovulate before first period

Withdrawal Before Ejaculation: A Less than Effective Method Difficult to judge when to withdraw Anxiety may lower pleasure Cowper’s gland fluid may carry sperm Any sperm on vulva may travel into vagina/uterus Unreliable