Multimedia Data Transmission over Wired/Wireless Networks Bharat Bhargava Gang Ding, Xiaoxin Wu, Mohamed Hefeeda, Halima Ghafoor Purdue University Website: http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/bb E-mail: bb@cs.purdue.edu Phone: 765-494-6702

Research Issues Multimedia transmission Networks High data rate Time sensitive Networks Variable or limited bandwidth Time delay Packet loss Multimedia over wired/wireless networks Error resilient data transport control Seamless transmission over hybrid networks 1/14/2005

Multimedia Data Transport Control Cross-layer rate control Match multiple data streams to the available bandwidth Cross-layer error control Adaptively update upper layer error control parameters based on the current network condition Data Link Layer Error detection Retransmission Application Layer Data compression Cross-layer Control Module Physical Layer S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Raw data Transport Layer B1 B2 B4 B3 R1 Data Link Layer Error detection Retransmission Application Layer Data decompression Physical Layer R4 R3 R2 R7 R6 R5 Cross-layer Control Module Transport Layer Raw data B: rate control, S: sender’s rate control, R: receiver’s rate control 1/14/2005

Multimedia Data Transport Control Movie Original Peak Signal Noise Ratio (dB) Regular approach: Link layer rate control Our approach: Cross-layer rate control Cross-layer rate + error control Sent enhancement layer (%) Sent PSNR Sent PSNR Received PSNR Parity data R (Byte) Star Wars IV 37.225 80.055 35.711 98.222 37.088 30.1252 32.9462 14.598 Citizen kane 37.791 88.333 36.825 97.556 37.564 29.1975 33.7067 29.6640 Aladdin 36.107 28.944 29.761 38.221 30.385 21.8664 25.6563 26.5270 Jurassic Park I 36.661 64.444 33.941 88.444 35.649 28.6769 32.4610 27.2220 Silence of Lambs 37.975 30.665 33.697 40.887 34.058 29.6585 31.3415 10.0810 Star Wars V 36.595 62.611 34.386 89.000 35.841 26.4372 31.0195 29.2075 The Firm 36.782 76.611 35.065 94.889 36.340 26.6107 31.2513 25.4033 Terminator I 37.199 69.889 34.287 36.618 26.8716 31.7590 28.8858 1/14/2005

Multimedia Data Transport Control G. Ding, B. Bhargava and X. Wu, and “Cross-Layer Algorithms for Video Transmission over Wireless Networks,” In Handbook of Algorithms for Mobile and Wireless Networking and Computing, CRC Press, 2005. Video transmission over wireless networks is challenging due to the time-varying bandwidth and the error-prone wireless channel. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on video compression algorithms and network protocols to improve quality of service. The cross-layer network control algorithms are proposed, in which the lower layers of wireless networks cooperate with the application layer to adjust error control strategy and transmission rate. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that, with the inter-layer communication, the proposed algorithms can significantly improve the efficiency of error control and the accuracy of transmission rate selection. The implementation issues of applying the proposed algorithms to 3G mobile networks and IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks are discussed. G. Ding, H. Ghafoor and B. Bhargava, “Resilient Video Transmission over Wireless Networks,” In IEEE International Conf. on Object-oriented Real-time Distributed Computing, Japan, May 2003. Proposes an error resilient video transmission architecture over mobile wireless networks. Radio link layer, transport layer, and application layer are combined to deal with high error rate in wireless environments. The algorithms for both sender and receiver are given. An adaptive algorithm is further presented to automatically adjust parity data length in error control. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed by both theory and experimental results. 1/14/2005

Multimedia Data Transport Control References B. Bhargava, S. Wang, M. Khan and A. Habib, “Multimedia Data Transmission and Control using Active Networks,” Journal of Computer Communications, 2005 B. Bhargava, C. Shi and Y. Wang, “MEPG Video Encryption Algorithms,” Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications, 24, 57-79, 2004. G. Ding, B. Bhargava and X. Wu, and “Cross-Layer Algorithms for Video Transmission over Wireless Networks,” In Handbook of Algorithms for Mobile and Wireless Networking and Computing, CRC Press, 2005. G. Ding, H. Ghafoor and B. Bhargava, “Resilient Video Transmission over Wireless Networks,” In IEEE International Conf. on Object-oriented Real-time Distributed Computing, Japan, May 2003. 1/14/2005

Multimedia Transmission over Hybrid Networks (Planed Research) To transport multimedia data over both back-bone and wireless networks, an intermediate Proxy or agent can be used Located at the junction of backbone wired network and wireless networks Performs media format transformation Dynamically collects network condition from various wireless links Makes adaptive QoS control, scheduling, and caching of multimedia data transmitted at different rates 1/14/2005

Adaptable Video Conferencing Video conferencing systems (VCS) have become practical in commercial and research institutions because the advances of technologies in networking and multimedia applications. A video conferencing session involves multiple parties, possibly geographically interspersed, which exchange real-time video data. However, anomalies such as site failure and network partitioning affect the effectiveness and utilization of the communication capabilities. Video conferencing systems lack the ability of dynamically adapting themselves to the variations in the system resources such as network bandwidths, CPU utilization, memory and disk storage. In VCS, changes in parameters such as frame sizes, codec schemes, color depths, and frame resolutions can only be made by users. They cannot be made based on the system measurements of currently available resources. We need to limit the users' burden in keeping the system running in the most suitable mode to current environment and make it possible to provide the best possible service based on the status of the system. Incorporating adaptability into a video conferencing systems minimizes the effects of the variations in system environments on the quality of video conference sessions. In the report, we discuss the concept of adaptability and the basic idea for achieving adaptability in a video conferencing system, give a description of common anomalies encountered in a distributed system, review the NV video conferencing system, the testbed of our experiments, describe the extension and modification to NV and discuss some reconfiguration issues. A summary of experimental data analyses and observations are presented. 1/14/2005

Adaptable Video Conferencing A video conferencing system should provided some policies and mechanisms to make it adaptable to the anomalies based on the available resources. The advantages of the adaptability schemes for VC system include: Heterogeneity: A VC system will adapt to heterogeneous environments. That is, a video conference session can be held on different hardware platforms and different networks. Scalability: A VC system will adapt itself as more users, more sites join a video conference in progress. Anomaly Management: A VC system will adapt to anomalies and degrade gracefully when available resources decrease or become unavailable. Resource Management: A VC system can make efficient use of resources like storage, CPU time, and communication bandwidth. 1/14/2005

Adaptable Video Conferencing Timeliness/Accuracy/Precision (TAP) cannot be maintained at the highest level simultaneously during anomalies. We must trade among these attribute values. The policy to trade among these attributes can be described as follows: Maintaining Timeliness when Bandwidth Decreases Reduce frame size (The accuracy is maintained unless the frame size is below a certain value). Reduce frame resolution (Both accuracy and precision are reduced). Dither color frame to black and white. Compress color depth. Switch to a codec scheme that has a higher compression ratio (Side effect: CPU utilization increases. This can be compensated by frame resizing and resolution reduction). Maintaining Accuracy when Bandwidth Decreases Switch to a lossless codec scheme with reduced frame size. Compress color depth (compress Y and UV no more than 2 bits each). Do not use lossy codec schemes. Do not reduce frame size or resolution by a big factor. Maintaining Timeliness when CPU Utilization Increases Switch to a codec scheme that requires less computation (usually with lower compression ratio). Reduce frame size. Do not compress color depth. Do not reduce frame resolution. Maintaining Accuracy when CPU Utilization Increases Switch to a lossless codec scheme 1/14/2005

Adaptable Video Conferencing References B. Bhargava, “Adaptable Video Conferencing”. B. Bhargava and S. Li, “Exploring Adaptability for Video Conferencing”. 1/14/2005

Peer-to-peer Multimedia Streaming PROMISE: PeertoPeer Media Streaming Using CollectCast Peer lookup Peer-based aggregated streaming Dynamic adaptation to network conditions PROMISE is based on a new application level peer-to-peer service: CollectCast Inferring and leveraging the underlying network topology and performance Monitoring the status of peers and connections and reacting to peer/connection failure or degradation with low overhead Dynamically switching active senders and standby senders so that the collective network performance out of the active senders remains satisfactory 1/14/2005

Peer-to-peer Multimedia Streaming CollectCast is installed on peers between the p2p substrate and the applications. PROMISE is a sample application. Other applications may include scientific data streaming. 1/14/2005

Peer-to-peer Multimedia Streaming References A. Habib, S. Fahmy and B. Bhargava, “On Monitoring and Controlling QoS Network Domains,” International Journal of Network Management, 2005. M. Hefeeda, B. Bhargava and D. Yau, “A Hybrid Architecture for Cost-Effective On-Demand Media Streaming,” Journal of Computer Networks, 44(3): 353-382, 2004. M. Hefeeda,  A. Habib, B. Botev, D. Xu,  and B. Bhargava,  “PROMISE:  Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming  Using CollectCast,”  In Proc. of  ACM Multimedia 2003, pages 45-54, Berkeley, CA,  November 2003. M. Hefeeda and B. Bhargava, “On-Demand Media Streaming Over the Internet,” In Proc. of  9th IEEE  Workshop on  Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS),  pages 279-285, San Juan, Puerto Rico, May,  2003. D. Xu, M. Hefeeda, S. Hambrush, B. Bhargava, “On Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming,”  In Proc. of  IEEE  International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pages 363-371, Vienna, Austria, July 2002. 1/14/2005

More Issues Multicast and broadcast of multimedia data Multimedia communication over next generation wireless networks Wireless local area network IEEE 802.11n of 100 Mbps Wireless personal area network IEEE 802.15.3a of 55 Mbps or higher 1/14/2005