Articles of Confederation and Constitutional Convention Mac

1.Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, Land Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance, Daniel Shays, Annapolis Convention 6.The Constitution of the United States 7.Article I 8.Article II 9.Article III 10.Bill of Rights 11.Ratification a.Great Compromise b.Three-fifths Compromise c.Federalism d.Separation of powers e.Checks and balances f.Popular Sovereignty g.Civilian Control of Military h.Preamble i.Impeachment j.Elastic clause k.Writ of habeas corpus l.Ex post facto law m.Electoral college n.Judicial review 1.Alexander Hamilton 2.Federalist Papers 3.Federalists 4.First Congress- What did they do? 5.Republicans 6.Funding 7.Assumption 8.Bank of the United States 9.Whiskey Tax, "Report on Manufacturers" 11.James Madison 12.Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 14.Jay Treaty, Pinckney Treaty, John Adams 17.Farewell Address, XYZ Affair, Barbary Pirates 20.Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

Quiz List things students should know about the Following: Northwest Ordinance Great Compromise Issue of Slavery in the Constitution- One part of the Constitution that directly addresses the Anti-federalist position

History of the Articles 2 nd Continental Congress After Declaration of Independence Colonies began to operate independently –Now called States –Wrote Constitutions –Embraced Republican forms of Government Created National government for all the states Weak Decentralized system Limited Powers

What is the single most significant factor of a Confederation? Weak Central Government A loose alignment of independent states Voluntary!!! See George Washington reading Cite three examples of Washington’s criticisms.

Articles of Confederation Confederation Congress (only institution of National authority) Powers under Confederation –Conduct War –Foreign relations= treaties –Appropriate, borrow, issue money –Did not have power: –Regulate trade –Draft troops –Levy taxes directly on people Had to ask states for taxes and troops –No separate executives –Measures passed by Congress had to be approved by 9 of the 13 states. Very Difficult to change or amend the Articles= 13 states had to agree

Northwest Ordinances 1790 – 120,000 in Ohio Eastern states had to relinquish claims to western lands 1785 Ordinance – created system for surveying and selling western lands Grid Pattern rectangular townships 36 –sections, includes public school requirement 1787 Ordinance Northwest Territory 3-5 states 60K entering the union Freedom of Religion Rights to Trial by Jury Prohibited Slavery Outlaws slavery North of the Ohio River

Northwest Territory The ordinance organized the territory into a grid pattern for townships.

Confederation Problems Congress was severely limited in its powers. It could not raise money by collecting taxes; it had no control over foreign commerce; it could pass laws but could not force the states to comply with them. Thus, the government was dependent on the willingness of the various states to carry out its measures, and often the states refused to cooperate. The articles were virtually impossible to amend, so problems could not be corrected.

Many Segments of Society disliked conditions under the Confederation Manufacturers- each state had tariffs and wanted National tariff Merchants- wanted National business regulation vs states Needed strong national banking system instead of each state currency Land speculators- wanted Indians out Large property owners wanted protection for property

Shay’s Rebellion Massachusetts Tax protest turns violent Poor farmers couldn’t pay taxes Asked for redress Took up arms and were suppressed showed problems with the Mob Leaders were afraid of Anarchy and more support for revising of Articles of Confederation

Annapolis Convention Precursor to the Philadelphia Convention Madison calls this 5 States Few delegates attend

Philadelphia Convention Many delegates/leaders gather to revise the Articles of Confederation Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison… Decide to make the discussions secret Immediately decide to start over the process of organizing a national or central government

Virginia and New Jersey Plans Virginia Plan Madison Strong National Government Separation of Powers Bicameral legislature Checks on power Representation according to population= Large State Plan New Jersey Plan Strong National Government Separation of Powers Unicameral Legislature Small State Plan= Representation equal for all states Power to tax, duties on imports Regulate of commerce Supremacy of National Law Use force against states

Questions to be Answered What about Slaves and taxes/representation and the institution of Slavery?

Great Compromise House of Representatives: Representation determined by population-more people more reps Large states get more reps/power Senate- Each state gets 2 Senators Benefits small states

Great Compromise and Slavery Very Divisive issue Southern States threaten ratification if Slavery is touched. 20 year moratorium on addressing Slavery Trade See article I Section 9 3/5ths Compromise- Slave populations will count for representation-5 slaves=3 people (I 2.3)

Constitution does NOT Address citizenship Address political parties Does Regulate Commerce Control Currency Pass all laws Necessary and Proper (Elastic Clause) Have power to coerce states Separation of Powers –Executive –Judicial –Legislative Checks and Balances

See Constitution PPT. “Thus I consent Sir, to this Constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure it is not the best.” B Franklin Not everyone agreed to the Constitution Ratification State conventions were then called and the DEBATE began. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison, Jay Argued for strong Federal Government Printers/traders merchants supported Madison didn’t believe listing rights was necessary Said listing those rights will in effect limit rights Madison, Jay and Hamilton pseudonym = Publius Wrote the Federalist Papers Feds were afraid of disorder Gov needs to check the power of the masses

Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry, George Mason, Lee, Sam Adams Were against the Constitution Did not want strong Federal Government Feared possibility of dictatorship Wanted to protect individual rights Wanted to protect State’s Rights Problems with Constitution: Want Bill of Rights “No Government can be trusted to protect liberties of its citizens.” “The only way to protect liberties is to enumerate the natural rights of the people” Insisted on a Bill of Rights

Mercy Otis Warren Woman Anti-Federalist Playwright

Ratification Battle Every state held special ratifying conventions Virginia and NY were close NY, VA, and MA ratified based on the approval of a Bill of Rights

The Constitution is Ratified December 7, 1787 Delaware is the first state to ratify the Constitution Pennsylvania December 12 New Jersey Dec. 18 Georgia January 2, 1788 Connecticut Jan. 9 Massachusetts Feb. 7 Maryland April 28 South Carolina May 23 New Hampshire, June 21 (9 th state to ratify Constitution goes into effect)