Chapter 2 The Living Planet

The Solar System Solar System: consists of the sun, eight planets, other celestial bodies, comets and asteroids Comedy Strip: Nate Bargatze, “Science”

The Structure of the Earth INSIDE: ▫core: center of the earth, made of iron and nickel ▫mantle: surrounds the core, several layers, contains most of the earth’s mass ▫magma: molten rock ▫crust: thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface

The 4 Spheres OUTSIDE: ▫Atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the earth, includes oxygen, protects the earth from radiation, and includes weather/climate ▫Lithosphere: the crust and uppermost mantle ▫Hydrosphere: the water elements on earth- oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and water in atmosphere ▫Biosphere: part of the earth where plants and animals live

Continental Drift (AKA Pangaea) Earth was once a supercontinent that divided and slowly drifted apart over millions of years Look at pg 29 in textbook A GIANT PUZZLE

Section 2: Water/Landforms Water covers 71% of the planet 4 Major Oceans: 1.Pacific 2.Atlantic 3.Indian 4.Arctic

Ocean Motion 1.Currents: like rivers flowing through the ocean 2.Waves: swells/ ridges produced by wind 3.Tides: regular rises and falls of ocean created by gravitation pull of the moon and sun

Hydrologic Cycle: the continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth

Lakes hold more than 95% of all fresh water supply on earth. ▫Drainage basin: area of land that contributes water to a stream or river- “the place where the water comes from” Lake Baikal in Russia: FreshwaterGreat Salt Lake

Landforms: naturally formed features on the surface of the earth ▫23 key types: islands, marsh, mountain, canyon, cliff, valley, glacier, prairie  Ocean and continental

SECTION 3: Internal forces Plate Tectonics: giant moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere(crust) ▫Plates move= reshaping the earth ▫Pg 37

4 ways of movement:

3 types of boundaries

Examples of 3 boundaries Divergent: Saudi Arabia and Eygpt spreading making Red Sea even wider Convergent: Himalayas are growing in India Transform: San Andreas Fault

Fault: a fracture in the earth’s crust Fault Line: where two plates move past each other

Earthquakes Earthquake: violent movement of the earth as a result of tectonic plates grinding or slipping past each other Seismograph: device that measures the size of the waves created by an earthquake Epicenter: point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus point Richter Scale: uses info collected by seismograph to figure out the strength of an earthquake (7.0, 9.9) Tsunami: a giant wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake

Haiti Earthquake: January 12, 2010, 7.0, 316,000 killed

Nepal Earthquake: April 25, 2015, , 9,000 killed (23,000 injured)

Laupahoehoe Harbor, Hawaii Tsunami hit April 1, people died (21 schoolchildren and 3 teachers) 200 ft of ocean floor exposed

Volcano Volcano: a mountain or hill, usually conical, having a crater or vent where lava, rocks, and gas erupt from the earth Lava: magma that has reached the earth’s surface Ring of Fire: a zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where a majority of active volcanoes are found (Pg 37)

Mona Loa -World’s largest active volcano

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii - One of the world’s most active volcanoes

SECTION 4: External Forces Weathering: physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock Mechanical Weathering: processes that break rock into smaller pieces ▫Water gets into a crack, freezes, and breaks the rock apart Chemical Weathering: process when rock is changed into a new substance ▫Iron rusts (reacts to oxygen in the air and crumbles)

Erosion: weathered material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice, or gravity Delta: a fan-like landform created from sediment left over when a river enters the ocean Loess: yellowish-gray silt and clay sediment that produces very fertile soil (China)

Glacier: large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves Moraine: a ridge or hill formed from left behind rock moved by a glacier

Soil: loose mixture of rock, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth 3 factors of soil fertility: ▫1. Texture ▫2. amount of Humus: organic material ▫3. amount of air and water