Age of Jackson Cultural Change and Reformers The spectacular religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening reversed a trend toward secular rationalism in American culture, and fueled a spirit of social reform

ERA OF REFORM : Thomas Paine attacks hierarchical religion Deism and Unitarianism spreads  COUNTER-REACTION is the Second Great Awakening ( ’s)  Reform Movements: 1. Evangelicalism 2.Prison Reform 3.Care of the mentally ill (Dorothy Dix) 4.Temperance (Neal Dow, Maine Law ) 5.Women’s Movement 6.Abolitionism

Charles G. Finney s/CharlesGrandisonFinney.html

Revivalism and Class Revivals are: More common on frontier, South and West Less common among elites Creates more democratic churches, i.e. Methodists, Baptists, Adventists, etc. “Canary” for societal attitudes toward slavery Churches Split  Parties Split  Union Splits

The spirit of optimism and reform affected nearly all areas of American life and culture, including education, the role of women and the family, and literature and the arts.

JOSEPH SMITH Affected by the great religious excitement taking place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches. In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.

Joseph Smith and the Mormons All American religion, created in US Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois. Communitarian sect not popular Mormon militia arouses fear Polygamy unpopular 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, , est. frontier cooperative theocracy Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896

Free Schools Spread of Democracy  Public Education Education  Stability CATALYST: Universal white male suffrage Basic public schools spread Horace Mann reforms/upgrades schools Webster’s “lessons” & McGuffey “readers” State supported colleges spread, esp.UVA NOTE: schools still rare in West and esp. for free African-Americans, slaves prohibited. Women struggle for equality in Education

Free Schools NOTE: Schools still rare in West and esp. for free African-Americans, slaves prohibited. Women also struggle for equality in Education. NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS: Emma Willard est. Troy Female Seminary Oberlin College Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Seminary

Women’s Changing Roles Women experience more freedom, esp. on frontier Lucretia Mott, Quaker, Abolitionist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organizer Susan B. Anthony, lecturer Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, first MD Margaret Fuller, editor 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments,” Seneca Falls, NY, “all men and women are created equal,” LAUNCHES WOMEN”S RIGHTS MOVEMENT

UTOPIAS New Harmony, Indiana –fails Brook Farm, MA – transcendentalists – destroyed by fire Oneida Community, NY – eugenics, lasts 30 years – famous for metalwork Shakers, Mother Ann Lee, 1770’s – peak in 1840’s, slow decline after

Map: Religious and Utopian Communities, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Shakers What is evidence of Shaker spirituality do you see in the pictures here?

J H Noyes and the Oneida Community

Arts and Sciences Asa Gray, botanist James Audubon, naturalist Thomas Jefferson, philosophy and architecture Gilbert Stuart, painter Charles Wilson Peale, painter (from MD) John Trumbull, painter Hudson River School of painting Stephen C. Foster, American folk music Washington Irving, writer James Fenimore Cooper, writer William Cullen Bryant, poet

“The Hudson River School, first identified at the end of its heyday, was a fraternity of artists who worked principally in New York City from about 1840 to Together, they raised landscape painting to preeminent status in America in the mid-nineteenth century. Originally attracted by the grandeur of natural scenery along the Hudson River and in New England, the painters interpreted both the wilderness and the pastoral face of a growing and changing nation.” Lake NemiLake Nemi, 1856–57. Sanford Robinson Gifford (American, 1823–1880). Thomas Cole, Falls of the Kaaterskill, 1826.

Transcendentalists (1830’s) TRUTH IS NOT OBJECTIVE ALONE – DISCOVERED BY “INNER LIGHT” Individualism, Self-reliance, Self-Discipline Ralph Waldo Emerson, essayist Henry David Thoreau –Walden –Civil Disobedience Walt Whitman –Leaves of Grass

Literature Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, poet –Song of Hiawatha –The Courtship of Miles Standish James Russell Lowell, poet –Bigelow Papers, re. Mexican War Oliver Wendell Holmes, writer Louisa May Alcott - Little Women Emily Dickinson, poet Edgar Allen Poe, author, “The Raven” William Gilmore Simms, Southern writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville, Moby Dick