Nascent Nationalism American themes in American writing (James Fenimore Cooper) U.S. textbooks & painters focus inward North American Review (1815) Bank of the U.S. rechartered (1816) national capital grows army expanded to 10,000 navy again whips North African pirates (1815)

The American System Henry Clay’s plan for the United States: 1) Strong banking system with easy credit 2) protective tariff (Tariff of 1816 first ever for protection, not revenue) 3) a network of roads and valleys in the Ohio territory (Erie Canal, 1825)

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected president to continue Virginia Dynasty (1816) Monroe’s goodwill tour of country (1817) an able administrator in a time of growth internal improvements and sales of public lands are hotly contested increasing sectionalism slavery issues

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times overspeculation out West leads to first economic crisis since Washington administration foreclosure of “wildcat” banks leads to western distrust of the U.S. Bank economic distress sows the seeds of Jacksonian democracy

Growing Pains in the West 9 frontier states added ( ) Cumberland Road and steamboats promote western expansion (1811) Land Act of 1820 allows purchase of 80 acres of virgin land for $1.25 an acre

Slavery and the Sectional Balance The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Missouri is admitted as a slave state (1820) Maine is admitted as a free state to maintain sectional balance in the Senate (1820) 36* 30’ line extends West to prevent future conflicts President James Monroe is re-elected (1820)

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism McCulloch v. Maryland confirms implied powers (1819) Cohens v. Virginia confirms Supreme Court right to review state Supreme Courts (1821) Gibbons v. Ogden confirms Congress’ national supremacy to regulate commerce (1824)

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Fletcher v. Peck upholds land rights over popular pressures (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward rules the Constitution protects contracts against state encroachments (1819) conservative Chief Justice John Marshall and Daniel Webster promote nationalistic philosophies

Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida Treaty of 1818 with Britain 1) allows Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries 2) fixes vague northern limits of Louisiana at 59 th parallel 3) provides for 10-year joint occupation of Oregon Florida Purchase Treaty of ) Andrew Jackson exceeds his mandate 2) cedes Florida to U.S.

The Menace of Monarchy in America encroachments of Russia and Spain on outskirts of America some Americans fear the survival of the republic

Monroe and His Doctrine encouraged by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams a stern warning to European powers supporting noncolonization and nonintervention warned European powers about expanding their holdings issues to Congress December 2, 1823