Gangs and Maras in Central America Results from self-report surveys Mauricio Rubio Universidad Externado de Colombia Confronting Crime and Violence in.

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Gangs and Maras in Central America Results from self-report surveys Mauricio Rubio Universidad Externado de Colombia Confronting Crime and Violence in Latin America Crafting a Public Policy Agenda July

outline the data overview: gangs & youth violence gangs & poverty joining the gang gangs & girls public policy issues

the data IADB financed 5 Self report surevys in Honduras (2), Nicaragua (2) & Panamá n > % students 1st time (LA) “presence” “power” of gangs is measured one of few with control group Main restrictions IABD has an agenda in terms of prevention programs. Not a globally planned exercise. From police records to victimization surveys to self-report Learning by doing. Trial & error vs comparability. Adapting to local situation Main (unsolvable) limitations “Remember if” is a risky simulation of cohort studies Out of school sample is not random (priority to anonymous questionnaire)

overview gang incidence

overview feeling safe & victimization

overview feeling safe, victimization & gangs

overview gangs & power

overview gangs & offences

overview gangs’ share of offences

overview gangs & crime

gangs & poverty socioeconomic status (SES) perception SES index checked by respondent’s expenditure family income potential

gangs & poverty gang membership by SES & schooling

gangs & poverty gang connections by SES & schooling

gangs & poverty SES distribution of gang members not so different from the general SES distribution

gangs & poverty high SES violence

gangs & poverty SES & arrests - gang members

gangs & poverty young, poor & out of the gang

gangs & poverty SES, school, gangs & offenders - 1

gangs & poverty SES, school, gangs & offenders - 2

gangs & poverty SES, school, gangs & offenders - 3

gangs & poverty SES, school, gangs & offenders - 4

gangs & poverty risk factors - offenders

joining the gang risk factors - gang membership

joining the gang SES, family background & gang membership

joining the gang running away from home

joining the gang making friends in the gang

joining the gang dropping out of school

joining the gang labor or mating strategy?

joining the gang labor or mating strategy? Two hints: - “primitive wars” between gangs - tatoos

joining the gang gangs & sex

joining the gang gangs & sex (out of the gang)

gangs & girls gangs & gender violence

many “feminicidios”seem gang related gangs & girls gangs & gender violence

many testimonies of “pimp gangs” - “el trencito” gangs & girls gangs & prostitution

similar incidence (students) other similarities both boys in gangs & girls in prostitution high victimization high drug use high self-report of offences share risk factors (sexual abuse, running away, dropping out) need early prevention gangs & girls gangs & prostitution

public policy issues who is the relevant policy maker? global phenomena (gangs, drugs, migration) LA: local problem & national institutions coordinating NGOs and agencies (with a strong political agenda) diagnostic must be local with common data gathering methodologies programs should be independently evaluated poverty & violence is still the theory behind most prevention programs not always fits the data perverse incentives (hot barrios get more resources) biased against girls mating issues need more attention