Forging the National Economy 1790-1860 The progress of invention is really a threat [to monarchy]. Whenever I see a railroad I look for a republic. Ralph.

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Presentation transcript:

Forging the National Economy The progress of invention is really a threat [to monarchy]. Whenever I see a railroad I look for a republic. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1866

The Westward Movement “Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” –Ralph Waldo Emerson, : ½ of Americans were under 30

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Map 14.1: Westward Movement of Center of Population,

Frontier Life Life was grim for most families Poorly fed and dressed Lived in shanties and lean-tos Disease, depression, death Separated from other families Jacksonian politics and “rugged individualism” Emerson’s “Self-Reliance” 4

5 Map 14.2: Cumberland (National) Road and Main Connections

Shaping the Western Landscape Exhausted land in the tobacco regions Fur-trapping “ecological imperialism” Still revered nature George Catlin advocated for the creation of national land preservation 6

March of the Millions 1850: population was doubling every 25 years 33 states by 1860 Urban growth exploded (New York, New Orleans, Chicago) –Slums, limited law enforcement, sewage, rats –Boston pioneered a sewer system in 1823 –NYC had city water by

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 14.1: Population Increase, Including Slaves and Indians,

The Irish Potato Famine Poor moved to Boston and NYC Discriminated against and forced into low- paying, menial jobs “No Irish Need Apply” Ancient Order of Hibernians Molly Maguires: Irish miners’ union in PA Political Machines: Tammany Hall in NYC 9

Old Immigration Period (pre-Civil War) Immigration tripled in the 1840s and quadrupled in the 1850s Million and a half Irish and almost as many Germans Journey now only took 2-3 weeks due to steam power Push Factors –Overpopulation in homeland Pull Factors –Freedom from aristocracy and state religion –Letters home: low taxes, no compulsory military service, 3 meals a day 10

German Forty-Eighters Many uprooted farmers Few liberal political refugees fleeing collapsed democratic revolutions in 1848 Most had a few material goods Influential group of voters Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree were all German contributions Many drank “bier” in huge quantities 11

Anti-Foreignism Immigration sparked “nativism” By 1850, Catholicism was the number one religion Order of the Star-Spangled Banner: Know- Nothing party 12

Creeping Mechanization Why was the United States so slow to mechanize? –Land was cheap –Labor was scarce until immigration increased –Little money for capital investment –Could not compete with mass-produced European goods –British had a monopoly on textile machinery 13

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Led to increased number of textile mills in the North Factory system began to flourish Interchangeable parts and the early assembly line –Colt revolver –Sewing machine –28,000 new patents by

Other New Inventions Morse’s telegraph McCormick’s reaper Goodyear’s vulcanized rubber goods 15

Workers and Wage Slaves Pre-Jackson –Forced to work in unsanitary conditions –Could not form labor unions –Child labor –“whipping rooms” –Slater’s mill: first machine tenders were all under the age of 12 Jacksonian Democracy –Strikes, improved conditions –Commonwealth v. Hunt 16

Women and the Economy “Factory Girls” Teachers House Servants Once married, women left work and became part of the “cult of domesticity” –Women’s and Men’s spheres –Families became closer and smaller 17

Transportation Revolution Highways, Turnpikes, the Cumberland Road Steam Ship Canals Railroads Pony Express 18

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 Map 14.3: Erie Canal and Main Branches

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Map 14.4: Principle Canals in 1840

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Map 14.5: The Railroad Revolution

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Map 14.6: Industry and Agriculture, 1860

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Map 14.7: Main Routes West Before the Civil War

All of this creates a Market Revolution! Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.24

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