Chapter 15 Part 6 The Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery Brought to you by the Renaissance Brought to you by the Renaissance

Motives God God Gold Gold Glory Glory

Christian Crusaders 11 th - 14 th Centuries Created an interest in Asia and the Middle East Created an interest in Asia and the Middle East

The Rise of Nation States Created competition for empires and trade Created competition for empires and trade

The Renaissance search for knowledge Revival of mathematics Revival of mathematics Awareness of Dawn of a New Age Awareness of Dawn of a New Age Printing Press: Maps, texts Printing Press: Maps, texts

Cartography Advances 1492Martin Behaim’s Terrestrial globe 1492Martin Behaim’s Terrestrial globe 1507Waldseemuller’s World Map 1507Waldseemuller’s World Map 1575Mercator’s Map 1575Mercator’s Map

Advances in Astronomy and Navigation New Instruments: New Instruments: Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Quadrant Quadrant Mariners’ Astrolabe Mariners’ Astrolabe Cross Staff Cross Staff Caravel Caravel Lateen Sail Lateen Sail Axial Rudder Axial Rudder Gunpowder and cannons Gunpowder and cannons

Commercial Revolution Sparked Capitalist investment Sparked Capitalist investment Especially in Constitutional Governments: Especially in Constitutional Governments: The Dutch and the English The Dutch and the English Merchant Companies (Dutch East India Co.) Merchant Companies (Dutch East India Co.)

Religion A true desire to convert pagan peoples A true desire to convert pagan peoples Missionary goal of the Jesuits Missionary goal of the Jesuits

Portugal Economic and Religious motives Economic and Religious motives Sought spice trade with Asia Sought spice trade with Asia Needed an all-water route Needed an all-water route Tried to find Prestor John as an ally against the Muslims (mythical Christian king somewhere in the East) Tried to find Prestor John as an ally against the Muslims (mythical Christian king somewhere in the East)

Prince Henry the Navigator Financed expeditions along the western coast of Africa in hopes of finding gold Financed expeditions along the western coast of Africa in hopes of finding gold 1488 Diaz: rounded the Cape of Good Hope 1488 Diaz: rounded the Cape of Good Hope 1498 Vasco da Gama : water route to India 1498 Vasco da Gama : water route to India Amerigo Vespucci: first to realize he was in a New World Amerigo Vespucci: first to realize he was in a New World Cabral was there first Cabral was there first

Other Explorers 1513 Balboa: first European to see the Pacific from the New World (Isthmus of Panama) 1513 Balboa: first European to see the Pacific from the New World (Isthmus of Panama) 1519 Magellan: first to circumnavigate the globe 1519 Magellan: first to circumnavigate the globe

Brazil Portugal’s New World colony Portugal’s New World colony SUGAR, coffee, cotton plantations SUGAR, coffee, cotton plantations Slave trade Slave trade Much racial blending Much racial blending

Spain Columbus: 4 voyages to the New World Columbus: 4 voyages to the New World Las Casas: defended the natives Las Casas: defended the natives The Asiento: the slave trade The Asiento: the slave trade Black Legend: Protestant belief that religion was used as a smokescreen by Catholics for killing natives Black Legend: Protestant belief that religion was used as a smokescreen by Catholics for killing natives Protestant countries just as guilty Protestant countries just as guilty

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal (the Pope) Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal (the Pope)

Conquistadores 1519 Cortez The Aztecs in Mexico 1519 Cortez The Aztecs in Mexico 1532 Pizarro The Incas in Peru 1532 Pizarro The Incas in Peru The Potosi Mines The Potosi Mines

Spain’s Golden Age BUT…inflation BUT…inflation Bullionism ruined by money drain: no middle class, little industry, skilled workers, paid soldiers in specie and they spent it where they were Bullionism ruined by money drain: no middle class, little industry, skilled workers, paid soldiers in specie and they spent it where they were Bankruptcy and repudiation of debts Bankruptcy and repudiation of debts

Spain’s New World Government 4 Vice Royalties 4 Vice Royalties Each had a Viceroy Each had a Viceroy Audiencias: judges to aid Viceroys Audiencias: judges to aid Viceroys Creoles: Were Spanish but were born in the New World. Never got the top jobs but secondary Creoles: Were Spanish but were born in the New World. Never got the top jobs but secondary

Encomienda System The crown allowed the Spanish in the New World to use native labor BUT natives were supposed to have a few days weekly to work their own land The crown allowed the Spanish in the New World to use native labor BUT natives were supposed to have a few days weekly to work their own land Reality was brought to light by Las Casas and Spain opted for African laborers = Asiento Reality was brought to light by Las Casas and Spain opted for African laborers = Asiento

Racial Blending Mesitzos Mesitzos Mullatos Mullatos

Imperialism Old Imperialism in the Old World (Africa and Asia): Europeans worked through the existing political authority usually with trading posts along coast lines. Did not subjugate natives or impose political, economic systems, or cultural values Old Imperialism in the Old World (Africa and Asia): Europeans worked through the existing political authority usually with trading posts along coast lines. Did not subjugate natives or impose political, economic systems, or cultural values Old Imperialism in the New World: DID subjugate natives, impose economic, political systems, cultural values Old Imperialism in the New World: DID subjugate natives, impose economic, political systems, cultural values

Old Imperialism: Portugal Set up trading posts and forts along coast Set up trading posts and forts along coast Worked through existing political authority Worked through existing political authority Africa: Gold and Slaves from Mali and Timbuktu Africa: Gold and Slaves from Mali and Timbuktu Da Gama in India (rubies) Da Gama in India (rubies) D 'Albuquerque in the Spice Islands (Indonesia) D 'Albuquerque in the Spice Islands (Indonesia)

The Jesuits Led by Xavier Led by Xavier To India, Indonesia, Japan To India, Indonesia, Japan

The Dutch By 1602 The Dutch East India Co. By 1602 The Dutch East India Co. Took Portuguese holdings in the Spice Islands and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Took Portuguese holdings in the Spice Islands and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1608 founded New Amsterdam in the New World 1608 founded New Amsterdam in the New World By 1650 the Dutch challenging Spain in the New World By 1650 the Dutch challenging Spain in the New World Also 4 Anglo-Dutch wars (second ½ of 17 th C.) Also 4 Anglo-Dutch wars (second ½ of 17 th C.)

France Cartier and the Northwest Passage Cartier and the Northwest Passage 1608 Quebec (Champlain) 1608 Quebec (Champlain) Missionaries as well Missionaries as well

England Under Henry VIII: Cabot brothers found no gold in the New World so there was no interest Under Henry VIII: Cabot brothers found no gold in the New World so there was no interest 1607 Jamestown 1607 Jamestown More English colonists than others More English colonists than others

The Asiento First Portugal First Portugal Dutch interfering by 1620 Dutch interfering by 1620 Spain Spain 1672 The English: Royal African Company 1672 The English: Royal African Company By 1800: Africans made up 60% of the population in Brazil & 20% of the population in the United States By 1800: Africans made up 60% of the population in Brazil & 20% of the population in the United States

17 th – 18 th Centuries 50 million Africans had been taken into slavery or had died on the way (Middle Passage) 50 million Africans had been taken into slavery or had died on the way (Middle Passage) Remember: SUGAR was the first important plantation crop Remember: SUGAR was the first important plantation crop Remember: The American form of slavery was different than the old world slavery Remember: The American form of slavery was different than the old world slavery

The Columbian Exchange What did Europe get? What did Europe get? Increased wealth Increased wealth Improved diets: Potato, Maize, Tomato, Tobacco, Vanilla, Chocolate, wild Turkey Improved diets: Potato, Maize, Tomato, Tobacco, Vanilla, Chocolate, wild Turkey Increased global empire Increased global empire Syphilis Syphilis

The Columbian Exchange What the Amerindians got: What the Amerindians got: Misery Misery Smallpox Smallpox Farm Animals Farm Animals Some Crops Some Crops Horses Horses More sources of protein More sources of protein