 What you should have learned: Time of high anxiety 20% of immigrants failed medical exam or legal interview 2% were deported Process lasted several agonizing hours

 City Life: Immigrants lived in poor neighborhoods  Areas with factories, slum/cheap housing “Home Countries” formed  Little Italy, China Town, etc.  Most worked in factories Dangerous work

 Unwelcomed because of: Lack of money Lack of education Unfamiliar culture  Dislike and fear  Fear of religious/cultural differences  Fear of economic threat- taking US jobs, lowering wages, etc.  Nativist: policy of favoring native born Americans over immigrants Literacy test

Looking Backward

 Settlement house: community center that provided a variety of services to the poor immigrants  Day care, classes, health clinics, etc.  Social Gospel Movement: Preached salvation through service to the poor

 “Dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism”  Political Machines- Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city CITY BOSS WARD BOSSES PRECINCT WORKERS/ CAPTAINS Controlled activities of political parties Gain votes by doing favors & providing services Gain voters on city blocks

 Controlled access to jobs, business licenses & influenced courts  Worked their way up  Bilingual Relate to immigrants  Hired and fired police officers MOTIVATION: Money & Power

 Illegal use of political influence for personal gain  Election fraud by using fake names to vote Ex) Hire contractor  Charge city more than cost  pocket extra

 Head of NYC Democratic Political Machine(Tammany Hall)   Corrupt, fraud, embezzlement  As you watch the clip I want you to write down any examples of: Social Gospel Movement Political machines at work Nativism

 Designed to assimilate people of different cultures into dominant culture Sponsored by US government  “Teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship”  Led to increased nativism Chinese Exclusion Act – banned all unskilled Chinese immigrants Gentlemen’s Agreement- Limit # of unskilled Japanese immigrants

 Discrimination  Accused of not wanting to be “American”  Accused of stealing jobs  Living in poor areas  Working for less pay  Seen as “uneducated” because of language barrier

Immigration Today

 Rapid growth of cities  Population 10 mil  54 mil 1910: Immigrant families made up more than half the total population of 18 major cities  Why Move to Cities? Cheaper/convenient Jobs

 Tenements: Multifamily urban dwellings  HORRIBLE CONDITIONS  Improvements: Set building standards: plumbing & ventilation

 Mass transit: Transportation systems designed to move large amounts of people Street cars, subways

 Inadequate plumbing  Public works  Filtration introduced 1870s  Chlorination in 1908

 Horse poop, sewage, polluted air  1900 – Created sewage line & sanitation departments

 Pickpockets & thieves  1844 : 1 st paid police force (NYC)

 Fires in major cities Lack of water  Buildings---wooden structures Tenants use candles & kerosene  Sprinkler systems & replace buildings with bricks, concrete  Create fire departments

 Chicago ( Oct 8-10, 1871 ) Chicago ( Oct 8-10, 1871 )  San Francisco (Apr 18, 1906) San Francisco (Apr 18, 1906)

 Problems stem from: Industrialization Immigration Urbanization  How will America fix these problems?