SH 316- Speech Science

Syllabus Office hours: T, TH: 11-12:30pm (by appointment) W119 Thompson TA (Donna Eduardo): W112 Thompson Text: The Speech Sciences (1998), Raymond Kent.

Readings Reading for Feb 5: –From: Respiratory Function in Speech & Song Available in Reed library(reserve) and 3 copies on my door (W119) Reading for Feb 12: –From: Journal of Voice 3 copies will be provided for photocopying

Course Description Topics: –Basic concepts in physics & mathematics –Review of subsystems of speech –Neurology: Anatomy & physiology –Physiologic & acoustic phonetics –Speech perception –Applied speech science

Lectures Outline of material Lectures available on the web

Exams 4 exams: Multiple choice and true/false 60% of the final grade (20% each) Final cumulative exam- 20% Exam critiques –Half sheet of 8.5 x 11 paper –Critiques in writing

Presentation Topics: speech instrumentation Groups: 3 people 2 groups will have 4 members about 30 minutes per group member April 18-May 9 (sign-up) 15% for oral presentation 5% for presentation quizzes –2 questions per presentation

Sources in Speech: Informational Information of sound signal –age –gender –emotion

Phonetic quality Linguistic content Derive meaning from language Phonetic imprint (native language)

Affective quality Paralinguistic (accompanies linguistics) –Emotion –Contribute to message –Animals & humans produce affect in communication –Vocalizations may carry information with no linguistic information

Personal quality Extralinguistic (outside normal linguistics of speech) Information about the talker –gender, age, state of health –Identify through specific characteristics of voice

Transmittal quality Information of speakers location –distance –orientation in space –background noise –environmental acoustic influence (reverberation) Listener makes adjustments

Theories: Speech Production & Perception Models: –Neural: nervous system processes that control speech. –Articulatory: Describes movements in speech production –Vocal tract: Describes the shape of the vocal tract in speech production.

Applied Speech Science Question? How is speech produced & how is it perceived? –Assessment & treatment of speech disorders –Forensic purposes : tape recordings

Theories: Speech Production & Perception Models (cont.) –Functional: General functions of events in the formulation & execution of speech events. –Motor control: Accounts for patterns of muscle activity in the speech production system.

Basic Concepts: Physics

Principals of Physics: Speech Airflow & Speech production –Physics of fluids Sound generation, acoustic resonance & analysis –Physics of sound

Fluids Gases & liquids = Fluids Air = Gas –Provides basic energy for speech Fluid mechanics: Study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) Hydrodynamics: flow of low velocity gases

Hydrodynamics Fluid = tiny particles (small volume) Particles in motion Eulerian Method: Flow characteristic as a group of particles

Pressure Pressure= Force per unit area –P=F/A (F= Force; A= Area) F= Ma (M= mass; a= acceleration) Force unit used in speech? –Pa (Pascal) = force of 1 newton (N) on 1 square meter 1N= 1 kg m/s 2 1 Pa is large compared to pressure measures made in speech: Use (  Pa)

Volume Volume= quantity of air in a vessel or space –Measured in liters (l) of milliliters (ml) Speech may use cubic centimeters (cc) Speech example= Vital capacity –Normal= liters

Flow Flow= quantity of gas that moves through a given area in a unit of time Speech- Measure flow in liters/second –Example: Sustained phonation of a vowel –100 ml per second (Women) –110 ml per second (Men) If an adult female phonates a vowel for 10 seconds, what would be the total volume of air used? About 1 liter

Pressure vs. Flow Pressure travels from regions of high pressure to low pressure –Respiration air inspired into the lungs- expansion of chest wall and increases volume (P atm is high; P alv is low) air expired out of lungs- deflate lungs increasing pressure High pressure generates high flow (in resp. system).

Flow Incompressible & ideal flow –No frication & streamlined Streamlines are parallel to direction of flow

Bernoulli Principle The total mechanical energy of the fluid is constant along a streamline. Balance between kinetic & potential energy As velocity of flow increases, pressure decreases –Nozzels, flow devices

Bernoulli Principle Region 1 to Region 2 to Region 3: Total energy decreases; Lost to friction Region 2 : Constriction; fluid velocity & kinetic energy increases; decrease in potential energy; pressure decreases Region 3 : Tube widens; fluid velocity decreases; kinetic energy to pressure energy Ex. Air travel through resp. system; loss of energy through viscous frication.

Types of Flow Laminar: Particles of fluid follow streamline –Low velocity; pressure & flow is linear Turbulent: Fluid particles complex motion –High flow; pressure & flow nonlinear –Eddies produced

Flows: Speech Sounds Vowels: Laminar flow (sonorants: nasals, vowels & liquids) Fricatives: turbulent flow