Land and Water: The Water Cycle Nathan P. Wells Greenfield Elementary 4 th grade

Elements of the water cycle Important terms: Condensation, Evaporation, Transpiration, Groundwater, Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Water Table Parent note: Students will have to place the important terms into a blank picture.

Evaporation Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form. In water vapor form, it moves into the atmosphere (air). Evaporation from the oceans accounts for 80% of the water delivered as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail). Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for evaporation. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. When water turns from liquid into gas.

Condensation Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water. Condensation generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises, cools and loses its capacity to hold water vapor. As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for condensation. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. When water vapor turns from gas into liquid.

Precipitation When cloud particles become too heavy to remain suspended in the air, they fall to the earth as precipitation. Precipitation occurs in a variety of forms; hail, rain, freezing rain, sleet or snow. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for precipitation. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. The water that falls down to Earth as rain, hail, sleet or snow.

Transpiration Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for transpiration. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. When water evaporates from plants and grass.

Water Table The saturated zone: The rock and soil in which all the open spaces are filled with water is called the saturated (or saturation) zone. As the top of the saturated zone rises toward the surface, it reaches a level of equilibrium with the overlying unsaturated zone. The unsaturated zone: The unsaturated zone (or zone of aeration) is the rock and sediment in which pore spaces contain mostly air and some water and therefore are not saturated. The unsaturated zone typically starts at the surface and extends downward to the saturated zone. The contact between the saturated and unsaturated zones is called the water table. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for water table. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. The point where the top of the water, that is underground, touches the bottom of the land, that is underground.

Surface Runoff Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows over the land surface, and is a major component of the water cycle. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for surface runoff. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. Precipitation that flows over land until it makes it back to the ocean.

Groundwater Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. Parent note: Students will have to give the simple definition for ground water. See their notes on the PowerPoint presentation. Water that is underground, but is not as deep as the water table.

What causes erosion? Gravity How does it erode? –Pulls rocks down slopes How does it deposit? –Materials pile up at lower elevations Wind How does it erode? –Carries loose rocks through air- scrapes at other rocks –FAST= carries more How does it deposit? –When it slows down, dumps off rocks to form dunes/piles Running Water How does it erode? –Drags rocks along in water –Bumping of rocks widens and deepens waterways –FASTER= carries more How does it deposit? –Where water slows down, rocks are dumped off –Form deltas/fans or plains What happens from erosion? Deposition happens from erosion. This is when land is eroded (taken away) from one area, and dropped off (deposited) in another. Parent note: Students will have to name the three causes of erosion, and what happens from erosion. Need to know three causes of erosion, and what happens because of it.

Who uses the most water? Parent note: Students will only need to know which country uses the most water. The United States uses the most water out of all countries in the world.

5 Easy Water Saving Tips W ash laundry & dishes with full loads A lways turn off running water T ake shorter showers E liminate any and all leaks R educe the flow of toilets & showerheads Parent note: Students have to know 3 of the 5 ways we can conserve water. Know 3 out of the 5.

What are two places we get water from in our daily lives? Typically, in the country, or rural areas, people get their water from drinking wells. In the city, people tend to get their water from pipes that come into the house. The pipes are underground, and are connected to a water cleaning facility. Parent note: Students need to know where water is typically gotten in the country, and where it is gotten in the city. Country- drinking wells City- water cleaning plants/facility

Mineral matter The mineral matter represents small rock fragments of the soil. It forms the bulk of about 45% of total volume of the soil. It consists of gravel, stones, sand, silt and clay. Organic matter The organic matter represents the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. It is about 5% of the total volume of the soil. Leaves, roots of plants, the residue of crops, animal dung etc when they are deposited on the soil decay to form a dark color on the upper part of soil to form organic matter also called humus. Air About half of the total mass of soil is made of up vast, interconnecting cavities, or holes. These holes are filled with both air and water. The amount of air and the amount of water filling these spaces varies dramatically throughout the year and from location to location, but averages about 50% each. Water Water content is one of the most variable characteristics of soil. The soil acts as a reservoir for water, making it available for plants as it is needed. Soil water is very important to the entire soil system, not only because it is necessary for plant growth, but because the nutrients required for plant growth are also present in the soil solution. 4 Major Components of soil Parent note: Students only have to know the 4 components of soil are mineral matter, organic matter, air, and water. Know the 4 components of soil: Mineral matter, Organic matter, air, and water.

What is the purpose of a dam? Engineers design and build dams to keep fast-moving and dangerous flood waters away from people’s homes and roads. If dams did not exist… Some cities would be under water! Parent note: Students have to why dams exist, and what would happen if they didn’t exist. Keeps dangerous and fast- flowing water away from homes and roads.

Why do people plant on sloping land? People plant on slopes to take advantage of the runoff water. The runoff from snow, rainfall, and other forms of precipitation gives plants and trees on slopes an advantage. Parent note: Students have to know that people plant on slopes because they want to take advantage of the run-off water to keep their plants healthy. People take advantage of run-off water that runs down slopes to water their plants.