AP Biology Classification & the New Taxonomy Chapters 25 – 35

AP Biology  Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species  domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Finding commonality in variety use the mnemonic! Solar System Earth No. America U. S. N. Y. L. I. Nassau Co. Levittown

AP Biology Archaebacteria & Bacteria Classification  Old 5 Kingdom system  Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals  New 3 Domain system  reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence  _______________________  ___________________ Prokaryote Eukaryote

AP Biology Kingdom ____________ Kingdom ________________

AP Biology The Evolutionary Perspective

AP Biology Kingdoms Single-celled ancestor prokaryoteseukaryotes EubacteriaArchaebacteria Protista multicellular uni- to multicellular autotrophs heterotrophs Plantae FungiAnimalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition

AP Biology Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

AP Biology Bacteria live EVERYWHERE!  Bacteria live in all ecosystems  on plants & animals  in plants & animals  in the soil  in depths of the oceans  in extreme cold  in extreme hot  in extreme salt  on the living  on the dead Microbes always find a way to make a living!

AP Biology Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!

AP Biology Prokaryote Structure  Unicellular  bacilli, cocci, spirilli  Size  1/10 size of eukaryote cell  1 micron (1um)  Internal structure  _________________________________  _____________________________  _________________________________  not wrapped around proteins prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

AP Biology Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome double helix Prokaryote Eukaryote

AP Biology Variations in Cell Interior internal membranes for photosynthesis like a chloroplast (thylakoids) internal membranes for respiration like a mitochondrion (cristae) aerobic bacterium mitochondria cyanobacterium (photosythetic) bacterium chloroplast

AP Biology Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria peptidoglycan plasma membrane outer membrane outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides cell wall peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides That’s important for your doctor to know!

AP Biology Major Nutritional Modes

AP Biology Prokaryotic metabolism  How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?  ___________________  photosynthetic bacteria  ___________________  oxidize inorganic compounds  nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen…  ___________________  live on plant & animal matter  decomposers & pathogens

AP Biology  Obligate aerobes: cannot grow without oxygen because they need oxygen.  Obligate anaerobes: are poisoned by oxygen. Some use fermentation, where others extract chemical energy by another form of anaerobic respiration.  Facultative anaerobes  Oxygen > Use  No Oxygen > Fermentation

AP Biology Hon ors Biol ogy Fermentation (anaerobic)  Alcoholic: Bacteria, yeast 1C 3C2C pyruvate  ethanol + CO 2  Lactic Acid: Bacteria, fungi, human muscles pyruvate  lactic acid 3C NADHNAD + NADHNAD + to glycolysis

AP Biology Hon ors Biol ogy Cellular respiration 2 ATP~2 ATP2 ATP ~34 ATP +++ ~38 ATP

AP Biology Genetic variation in bacteria  Mutations  bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes  ______________________  error rate in copying DNA  1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation  you have billions of E. coli in your gut!  lots of mutation potential!  Genetic recombination  bacteria swap genes  ____________________  small supplemental circles of DNA  ____________________  direct transfer of DNA conjugation

AP Biology Bacteria as pathogens  Disease-causing microbes  ___________________  wilts, fruit rot, blights  ____________________  tooth decay, ulcers  anthrax, botulism  plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease  STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia  typhoid, cholera  TB, pneumonia  lyme disease

AP Biology Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary)  Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria  ___________________________  recycling of nutrients from dead to living  ___________________________  only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere  needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids  plant root nodules  ___________________________  digest cellulose for herbivores  cellulase enzyme  produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans  _________________________  from yogurt to insulin

AP Biology 1 st Prokaryotes  Domain Archaea: known as extremophiles and live in extreme environments such as geysers.  Extreme halophiles live in saline environments (highly concentrated with salt).  Extreme thermophiles live in very hot environments.

AP Biology DomainCharacteristicsExamples Bacteria (Eubacteria) unicellular prokaryotes peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes no membrane-bound organelles naked DNA, single circular chromosome, asexual reproduction = binary fission heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs rods, spheres, spirals; Gram positive & negative stain Bacillus, E. coli, Streptococcus Cyanobacteria = “blue-green algae” Archaebacteriaunicellular prokaryotes cell wall (no peptidoglycans), cell membrane, ribosomes, no membrane-bound organelles DNA + histone proteins, single circular chromosome asexual reproduction = binary fission extremophiles: halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens Methanococcus, Halobacterium, Thermoproteus

AP Biology  1) Contrast the cellular and genomic organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  Lack internal compartmentalization  Less DNA  Single ring-shaped chromosome  Plasmids  2) Explain how rapid reproduction allows prokaryotes to adapt to changing environments.  Rapid reproduction enables a favorable mutation to spread quickly through a prokaryotic population by natural selection.