The World of Music 7 th edition Part 3 Listening to World Music Chapter 7: Music of the Americas

Native American Music Non-European Unique –Instruments –Functions –Aesthetics Ignored –Unknown—even today –Little (or no) Influence on Popular Music Oral Tradition from one elder/”old people” to the next generation Great Variety between Tribes –Because they remained isolated from other American cultures and each other

Native American Music cont. Vocables Little or no intended harmony Narrow range (Octave or less) Songs accompanied dancers/dancing typically Instruments made of available materials –Skins –Indigenous metals or other materials for the body of the drum Vertical Flute/Recorder type instruments Rattles/shakers made of natural (Logs/wood) or animal parts (Hooves, antlers, bones, etc.) Pow-wows

Ethnic Music in the United States Rural Europeans became urban, (Concentrated) ethnic Americans. Immigrants were a strong market for recordings of the music of their homeland. Often their tastes were modified by experiences in the new world. Examples –Reggae –Salsa –Bossa Nova –Tex-Mex –Mariachi –Cajun/Zydeco –Klezmer

Reggae From Jamaica –And other Carribean Island nations Connected to –Rastafarianism –Black Nationalism –Social Reform Substyles –Ska (1950’s) Jamaican R+B –Rocksteady An evolution of Ska emphasizing socioeconomic and Jamaican Nationalism A precursor to Rap? (80’s) –Early Reggae had poetic recitations over background music tracks Artists –Jimmy Cliff –Bob Marley –Bunny Wailer –Peter Tosh Influenced Later Artists –The Police –Rancid –Rap/Hip-hop

Latino Salsa (Cuba) –Ironically created in NY City with/by Cuban and Puerto Rican Musicians Salsa Musicians –Ruben Blades –Tito Puente Bossa Nova (Brazil) –Derived from Brazilian Samba and imported Musically by Jazz musicians who visited Brazil (50’s) Bossa Nova Musicians –Antonio Carlos Jobim –Joäo Gilberto

Latino Music cont. Tex-Mex (Texas and Mexico) –aka Tejano –Performed by a Conjunto (Combo type ensemble) Button Accordian Baja Sexto Sometimes Drums and Sax –Styles include Corrido (story/ballad) and Ranchera (Mexican C+W) Tex-Mex Musicians –Little Joe Hernandez –Texas Tornados Mariachi (Mexico) –Traditional Folk (mostly local) Ensembles –Consists of: Harps Violins Trumpets Vilhuelas or Jarana (Small guitars) Guitarron (Acoustic Bass Guitar) Voices as well

Cajun/Zydeco (Louisiana) Cajun –Mostly Whites, –French Language –Instruments Fiddle Accordion Zydeco –Mostly Blacks, –French Language –Instruments Accordion Electric Guitar Electric Bass Drums Washboard –King of Zydeco: Clifton Chenier –Other Musicians Buckwheat Zydeco Rockin’ Dopsie

Music of Latin America Latin America encompasses S. Am., C. Am., Car. Islands, etc. (A large area) Traditional Folk Music from Mestizo people –Indian and Spanish ancestry Use instruments in different categories –Aerophones Wind instruments –Idiophones Percussion Instruments made of natural items –Membranophones Percussion instruments with skins/membranes on them –Chordophones Instruments with strings Influenced by European concepts –Harmonically similar –Little chromaticism –Limited range –Major and minor tonality – sometimes in the same song –Syncopated rhythms Mixed meters occurring at the same time Influenced by the Catholic Church due to colonialism in the 16 th century