Ch. 23.3 Water Shapes the Land Objectives: What is the most important factor influencing the ability of a stream to cause erosion? What features are formed by surface water erosion? What features are deposited by running water? What causes ground water erosion?

Stream A Stream B Define erosion in your notebooks. Which stream will cause more erosion? Provide 2 reasons why you chose one stream over the other. Stream A Stream B

Water moves sediment (Erosion) & that changes Earth’s surface features Deposition = Sediment is laid down in a new location

Stream Erosion – Depends on… Speed of water: Faster streams – carry more sediment & carry larger sediments = more erosion (2) Volume: Floods = More water = more erosion (3) Slope: Steeper slope = more erosion. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ednXhLcwZz0

Features formed by Water Erosion: V shaped Valleys V-valleys involve fast moving water in Mt. regions Fast Moving Water Carries away sediments and causes downward erosion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIn0UoeDyVg

V-shaped valleys can widen into broader river banks and flood plains. Water slows and erodes the sides of the stream

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1305/es1305page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization Waterfalls form where streams move over rocks that are (softer). As this rock erodes faster than surrounding rock a drop is created.

Meanders: http://www.cleo.net.uk/resources/displayframe.php?src=309/consultants_resources%2F_files%2Fmeander4.swf Rivers change shape. Faster moving water on outside bend erodes riverbank. Slower moving water on inside bends deposit sediment. Over time this creates BENDS or MEANDERS.

Meander in Canyonlands N.P., Utah

Features formed by Water Erosion Oxbow lake: a U-shaped lake lying next to a winding river http://www.cleo.net.uk/resources/displayframe.php?src=309/consultants_resources/_files/meander4.swf

Green River, NY

Features Formed by Water Deposition Deltas & Alluvial Fans: Fan-shaped mound of sediments. Fans: Rivers dump sediment into a valley at the base of a mountain. Deltas: Rivers dump sediments into large bodies of water (ocean). Triangle shape of Deltas & Fans

Copper Canyon Alluvial Fan (Death Valley N.P., CA)

Mississippi River Delta

Ground Water Erosion Chemical weathering dissolves calcium containing rocks like limestone. This creates caves and sink holes. Sink hole Carlsbad Caverns

Cave Formation: Chemical Weathering (usu. Limestone) - Water drips into cave. Carbon dioxide enters air, minerals come out of solution to form stalactites & Stalagmites Stalactites: Grow from ceiling (icicles) Stalagmites: Grow from base & form columns

Carlsbad Caverns (NM) Limestone slowly dissolving away

Karst Topography (caves and sinkholes in limestone) Ex: Kentucky

Ch. 23.4 Glaciers & Wind Objectives: How do glaciers form? What landscape features are created by glacial erosion & deposition? What are the effects of wind erosion & deposition

HW QUIZ Describe 2 features/landforms created by glacial erosion. What’s “Moraine” and how is it created? How are dunes created?

Glaciers – Where more snow falls than melts or evaporates Types: Continental: Thick ice sheet on huge land mass (Antarctica or Greenland) (icebergs “calve” off continental marine glaciers) Valley: Occurs in high mountain valley

Characteristics of Glaciers Large body of ice that forms Where more snow falls than melts or evaporates Glaciers are always slowly moving - Weight of snow pressing down, makes ice. - Gravity pulls the glaciers down hill - Weight of ice layers also melts bottom layer of ice so that glacier can slide.

Glacial Erosion 1. Plucking – frost wedging that occurs at the base of the glacier breaks up rock. 2. Abrasion – boulders trapped under glaciers gouge and scratch our land and rock surfaces (Glacial striations = claw marks)

Glacial Erosion produces… 1. U shaped Valley (Cirques) 2. Horns 3. Glacial Lakes

Glacial Signatures… 4. “Erratic” Boulder = deposited by receding glacier 5. Till = Glacial sediment of assorted size (Boulders, gravel, sand, pulverized rock dust) formed as glacier erodes surface 6. Moraine – mounds of “poorly sorted” sediment at downhill end of glacier and along sides (Poorly sorted = big clasts/cobbles & fine sediment)

Central Park, NYC Striations in rock show the motion of ancient ice sheets.

Poorly Sorted Glacial Till www.uaf.edu/.../McCall_travelogue_aug03.htm

Glacier Features

Glaciation in our Area

Wind Erosion & Deposition Wind erodes land by deflation (wind picks up & carries loose surface material) and abrasion Wind Deposits: Dunes & Loess Loess – silt deposits from glaciers or deserts Sand Dunes