Spatial Frame of Reference X - parallel to ground X - parallel to ground - forward [+] and backward [-] directions - perpendicular to Y direction Y - parallel to ground Y - parallel to ground - left [+] and right [-] directions - perpendicular to X direction Z - perpendicular to the ground - upward [+] and downward [-] directions Z - perpendicular to the ground - upward [+] and downward [-] directions

Linear and Rotary Motion Linear Motion motion in a line path 1. Rectilinear straight line path (drop ball) 2. Curvilinear curved line path (discus flight) Rotary Motion rotates due to a fixed point A. Fixed Point axis of rotation B. Radius of Rotation distance from any point to axis see page 27 Figure B.4 b

PLANES and AXES  PLANE - a flat surface that divides body or segment  AXIS - a pin or axle about which a body or segment rotates  Movement occurs in a PLANE about an AXIS that is  to that plane

Sagittal Plane Movements about M-L axis Dorsiflexion - lifting foot’s upper surface toward shin bone Dorsiflexion - lifting foot’s upper surface toward shin bone Plantar Flexion - depressing foot, pointing toes/foot away from shin Plantar Flexion - depressing foot, pointing toes/foot away from shin Flexion - a bending, decreases angle between adjacent bones Flexion - a bending, decreases angle between adjacent bones Extension - a straightening, increases angle between adjacent bones Extension - a straightening, increases angle between adjacent bones Hyperextension - bending joint beyond straight anatomical position Hyperextension - bending joint beyond straight anatomical position Transverse Flexion - abduct shoulder/hip to parallel then move arm/leg medially (inward) Transverse Flexion - abduct shoulder/hip to parallel then move arm/leg medially (inward) Transverse Extension - from a position of Transverse Flexion, move arm/leg laterally (outward) Transverse Extension - from a position of Transverse Flexion, move arm/leg laterally (outward)

Frontal Plane Movements about A-P axis Abduction - moving limb away from mid-line of the body Abduction - moving limb away from mid-line of the body Adduction - moving limb toward the mid-line of the body Adduction - moving limb toward the mid-line of the body Depression - moving shoulder /jaw downward from an elevated position Depression - moving shoulder /jaw downward from an elevated position Elevation - moving shoulder /jaw upward ( shrug shoulders) Elevation - moving shoulder /jaw upward ( shrug shoulders) Lateral Flexion - bending the trunk laterally away from mid-line Radial Flexion - moving hand laterally outward towards radius Ulnar Flexion - moving the hand medially toward ulnar bone Transverse Abduction - flex shoulder/hip until arm/leg reaches parallel to ground then move arm/leg laterally outward Transverse Adduction - from transverse abduction position, move segment medially inward

Transverse Plane Movements: longitudinal Eversion - moving foot so that sole is turned laterally outward Eversion - moving foot so that sole is turned laterally outward Inversion - moving foot so that sole is turned medially inward Inversion - moving foot so that sole is turned medially inward Lateral Rotation - turning bone outward about its long axis Lateral Rotation - turning bone outward about its long axis Medial Rotation - turning inward of bone about its long axis Medial Rotation - turning inward of bone about its long axis Transverse Rotation - rotate trunk to left or right Transverse Rotation - rotate trunk to left or right Pronation - rotating hand medially so palm faces posterior Supination - rotating hand laterally so palm faces anterior Protraction - moving either shoulder or chin forward (reach) Retraction - moving either shoulder or chin back (“square” your shoulders)

Anthropometrics  Size, Shape, Proportions  Stoutness - Ponderal Index ECTO - thin ECTO - thin ENDO - fat ENDO - fat MESO - thick/muscular MESO - thick/muscular

You Can’t Judge a Book by It’s Cover  Average NBA player height 6’7” [2m01]  Since 1970 in NBA: Muggsy Bogues5’3 1m Earl Boykins5’5 1m Spud Webb5’7 1m Greg Grant5’7 1m Keith Jennings5’7 1m Monte Tower5’7 1m Charlie Criss5’8 1m Calvin Murphy5’9 1m Yuta Tabuse5’9 1m Nate Robinson5’9 1m